美国学生世界历史(英汉双语版)(上下册): 西方家庭学校经典教材与经典读物 撰写了世界历史中极为精彩的传记和故事

     《美国学生世界历史》撰写了世界历史中极为精彩的传记和故事，但历史中的这些传记无法勾勒出历史轮廓，也根本不能为孩子们将来补充历史知识提供一个大纲；事实上，如果不能将这些传记纳入历史发展的总纲里，这些传记只不过是浮现在孩子们脑海里的许多孤立的故事，与时间或空间没有丝毫联系。

　　因此《美国学生世界历史》按照时间的顺序来论述题材——一个世纪接一个世纪、一个时代接一个时代地述说历史事件，而不是按照各个国家的顺序。一个国家的历史叙述还没有结束就停下来，又开始了另一个国家的历史叙述，就像小说里让不同的情节同步展开一样。这样做和编撰本书的目的是一致的——就是让小学生们看到各个时代连续的全景图，而不是把希腊历史从头到尾说一遍，然后从时间上返回来，再讲述罗马历史，这样不断继续下去。本书的宗旨就是要勾勒出整个历史画面的轮廓，而详情则有待孩子们在以后的学习中逐渐补充，就像画家先粗略勾勒出草图，然后再补充细节。要把历史知识有条理地归类，需要这样一幅轮廓图，就像任何一个运作平稳有序的办公室，需要一个能将各类文件归档的系统。

　　《美国学生世界历史》的时间阶梯是要让孩子们在直观上了解时间的长度和世界历史发展的阶段。每一段阶梯代表一千年，每一个台阶代表一百年，也就是一个世纪。如果你有一面空墙，不管是在游戏室、阁楼还是谷仓里，你可以将“时间阶梯”放大画在墙上，从地面一直画到手够得着的高度。如果再精心配上有人物和历史事件的图片或绘画，那就很有特色，更吸引人了。如果这面墙正对着孩子的床，那就更好了。因为早晨或其他时间孩子醒来躺在床上时，他就可以不去想象墙纸上稀奇古怪的图案，时间阶梯里挤满的历史事件足以让他构想出各种情景。无论怎样，在学习每一个历史事件的时候，孩子就应当不断参考这样一个时间阶梯或时间表，久而久之，过去时代的印象就会留在他脑海中。开始，孩子们领会不到历史年表上数字表达的时间长度或各个时期的相应顺序，会将公元前2500年、公元前25000 年和公元前2500万年混为一谈。孩子们只有不断地将历史时期归入到时间阶梯或时间表里相应位置。这些时期才能在他脑子里形成具体的印象。如果一个孩子说公元776000年举办了一届奥运会，或者意大利位于雅典，亚伯拉罕是特洛伊战争的英雄，你可能会觉得好笑，但千万不要感到惊讶。

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基本信息

01 How Things Started ◆ 万物起源
02 People Who Lived in Caves ◆ 穴居人
03 Fire! Fire!! Fire!!! ◆ 火！火！火！
04 From an Airplane ◆ 从飞机上往下看
05 Real History Begins ◆ 真正的历史从此开始
06 The Puzzle Writers in Egypt ◆ 埃及之谜的作者
07 The Tomb Builders ◆ 建造陵墓的人
08 A Rich Land Where There Was No Money ◆ 没有钱的富饶之地
09 The Jews Search For a Home ◆ 寻找家园的犹太人
10 Fairy-Tale Gods ◆ 神话故事中的众神
11 A Fairy-Tale War ◆ 神话故事中的战争
12 The Kings of the Jews ◆ 犹太国王
13 The People Who Made Our ABC’s ◆ 发明字母ABC 的人
14 Hard as Nails ◆ 像铁钉一样坚硬
15 The Crown of Leaves ◆ 桂冠
16 A Bad Beginning ◆ 邪恶的开端
17 Kings with Corkscrew Curls ◆ 长着螺旋形卷发的国王们
18 A City of Wonders and Wickedness ◆ 奇迹和邪恶并存的城市
19 A Surprise Party ◆ 遭到突袭的宴会
20 The Other Side of the World: India ◆ 世界的另一边：印度
21 All the Way Around the World in China ◆ 中国人的世界
22 Rich Man, Poor Man ◆ 雅典的富人和穷人
23 Rome Kicks Out Her Kings ◆ 罗马人撵走了国王
24 Greece vs. Persia ◆ 希腊对波斯
25 Fighting Mad ◆ 战争狂
26 One Against a Thousand ◆ 以一挡千
27 The Golden Age ◆ 黄金时代
28 When Greek Meets Greek ◆ 当希腊人遇上希腊人
29 Wise Men and Otherwise ◆ 智者和愚人
30 A Boy King ◆ 少年国王
31 Picking a Fight ◆ 寻衅斗殴
32 The Boot Kicks and Stamps ◆ 靴子的反击和践踏
33 The New Champion of the World ◆ 新的世界冠军
34 The Noblest Roman of Them All ◆ 罗马人中的贵者
35 An Emperor Who Was Made a God ◆ 被看做神明的皇帝
36 “ Thine is the Kingdom, the Power, and the Glory”
“国度、权柄、荣耀，全是你的”
37 Blood and Thunder ◆ 血和雷
38 A Good Emperor and a Bad Son ◆ 好皇帝和他的坏儿子
39 I_H_ _S_ _ _ _V_ _ _ _ _ ◆ 靠服
40 Barbarian Invaders ◆ 野蛮的入侵者
41 Barbarians Meet the Champions of the World ◆野蛮人遭遇世界霸主
42 New Places—New Heroes ◆ 新地方，新英雄
43 Being Good ◆ 为 善
44 A Christian Kingdom in Africa ◆ 非洲的一个教王国
45 Muhammad and the Early Years of Islam ◆ 穆罕默德和初期的伊斯兰教
46 Arabian Days ◆ 阿拉伯时代
47 Two Empires, Two Emperors ◆ 两个帝国，两个皇帝
48 Getting a Start ◆ 启 动
49 The End of the World ◆ 世界末日
50 Real Castles ◆ 真正的城堡
51 Knights and Days of Chivalry ◆ 骑士和骑士制度时期
52 A Pirate’s Great Grandson ◆ 海盗有个了不起的孙子
53 A Great Adventure ◆ 一次伟大的历险
54 Tick-Tack-Toe; Three Kings in a Row
画“连城”游戏，三个国王成一行
55 Three Kingdoms in West Africa ◆ 西非三个王国
56 Bibles Made of Stone and Glass ◆ 石头和玻璃制作的《》
57 John, Whom Nobody Loved ◆ 没人喜欢的约翰
58 A Great Story Teller ◆ 一位了不起的讲故事的人
59 A Magic Needle and A Magic Powder ◆“ 魔针”和“魔粉”
60 Thelon Gest Wart Hate Verwas ◆ 历史上时间长的战争
61 Print and Powder ◆ 印刷术和火药——新旧时代的交替
62 A Sailor Who Found a New World ◆ 一个发现“新”大陆的水手
63 Fortune Hunters ◆ 寻找财富的探险家
64 The Search for Gold and Adventure ◆ 寻金和探险
65 Along the Coast of East Africa ◆ 沿着东非海岸
66 Rebirth ◆ 再 生
67 Christians Quarrel ◆ 徒的争吵
68 Queen Elizabeth ◆ 伊丽莎白女王
69 The Age of Elizabeth ◆ 伊丽莎白时代
70 James the Servant ◆ 仆人詹姆斯
71 A King Who Lost His Head ◆ 掉了脑袋的国王
72 Red Cap and Red Heels ◆ 红帽子和红鞋跟
73 A Self-Made Man ◆ 靠自己奋斗成功的人
74 A Prince Who Ran Away ◆ 逃跑的王子
75 America Gets Rid of Her King ◆ 美国摆脱了国王
76 Upside Down ◆ 天翻地覆
77 A Little Giant ◆ 矮小的巨人
78 Latin America and the Caribbean Islands ◆拉丁美洲和加勒比海群岛
79 From Pan and His Pipes to the Phonograph ◆从森林之神的排箫到留声机
80 The Daily Papers of 1854-1865 ◆ 1854-1865 年的日报
81 Three New Postage Stamps ◆ 三张新邮票
82 The Age of Miracles ◆ 产生奇迹的时代
83 A Different Kind of Revolution ◆ 另一种革命
84 A World at War ◆ 陷入战争的世界
85 A Short Twenty Years ◆ 短短二十年
86 Modern Barbarians ◆ 现代“野蛮人”
87 Fighting the Dictators ◆ 对抗独裁者
88 A New Spirit in the World ◆ 世界新精神
89 Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow ◆ 昨天、今天、明天

　　02
　　People Who Lived in Caves
　　穴居人
　　
　　How do you suppose I know about all these things that took placeso long ago?
　　I don’t.
　　I’m only guessing about them.
　　But there are different kinds of guesses. If I hold out my twoclosed hands and ask you to guess which one has the penny in it,that is one kind of a guess.
　　Your guess might be right or it might be wrong. It would be justluck.
　　But there is another kind of guess. When there is snow on theground and I see tracks of a boot in the snow, I guess that aperson must have passed by, for boots don’t usually walk withoutsomeone in them. That kind of guess is not just luck but commonsense.
　　So we can guess about a great many things that have taken placelong ago, even though there was no one there at the time to seethem or tell about them.
　　We have dug down deep under the ground in different parts of theworld and have found there—what do you suppose?
　　I don’t believe you would ever guess.
　　We have found the heads of arrows and spears and hatchets.
　　The peculiar thing about these arrows and spears and hatchets isthat they are not made of iron or steel, as you might expect, butof stone.
　　Now, we are sure that only human beings could have made and usedsuch things, for birds and fish or other animals do not usehatchets or spears. We are also sure that these people must havelived long, long years ago before iron and steel were known,because it must have taken long, long years for these things tohave become covered up so deep by dust and dirt. We have also foundthe bones of the people themselves, who died several million yearsago, long before anyone began to write down history. The oldestbones we have ever found were in East Africa. We know that peoplelong ago were working and playing, eating and fighting—doing manyof the same things we are today—especially the fighting.
　　This time in the prehistory of the world, when people used suchthings made of stone, is therefore called the Stone Age.
　　Life was hard for Stone Age people. They didn’t have all thethings we are used to having today.
　　Some wild animals make houses. Foxes dig holes, beavers makehouses of sticks and mud. These first people probably had no housesof any sort in which to live. They simply found any shelter theycould. They found caves in the rocks or in the hillsides where theycould get away from the cold and storms and wild animals. So men,women, and children of this time were called Cave People.
　　They spent their days hunting some animals and running and hidingfrom others. They caught animals by trapping them in a pit coveredover with bushes, or they killed them with a club or a rock if theyhad a chance, or with stone headed arrows or hatchets. They evenpainted or cut pictures of these animals on the walls of theircaves. Some of these pictures we can still see today.
　　They lived on berries and nuts and seeds. They robbed the nestsof birds for the eggs, which they ate raw, for at first they had nofire with which to cook.
　　They liked to drink the warm blood of animals they killed, as youwould a glass of milk.
　　They talked to each other by some sort of grunts or very simplewords. They made clothes of skins of animals they killed, for therewas no such thing as cloth.
　　These early people must have spent most of their time hunting forfood or trying to get away from animals hunting them for food. Theyhad no thick hide like an elephant to protect them; they did notgrow a coat of fur like a bear to keep them warm; they could notrun very fast, like a deer to escape their enemies; they were nomatch for an animal with sharp teeth and claws and strong muscleslike a lion. It’s a wonder any of them lived to grow up.
　　Stone Age people had two things that helped them more than sharpclaws, or strong muscles, or tough skins. They had better brains

　　To give the child some idea of what has gone on in the worldbefore he arrived;
　　To take him out of his little self-centered, shut-in life, whichlooms so large because it is so close to his eyes;
　　To extend his horizon, broaden his view, and open up the visitsdown the ages past;
　　To acquaint him with some of the big events and great names andfix these in time and space as a basis for detailed study in thefuture;
　　To give him a chronological file with main guides, into which hecan fit in its proper place all his further historical study—
　　Is the purpose of this first SURVEY OF THE WORLD’S HISTORY.
　　⊙让孩子知道一些他们来到这世界之前就已经发生的事情；
　　⊙带孩子走出以自我为中心、封闭在家的生活，这种生活显得过于重要，因为太贴近，就成为孩子们眼中的一切，使他们看不到外面的世界；
　　⊙开阔孩子的眼界，拓宽他们的视野，将过去时代的历史画面展现在他们面前；
　　⊙让他们熟悉历史上一些重大事件和伟人的名字，并把这些事和人在时间和空间上确定下来，作为将来系统学习的基础；
　　⊙向孩子提供一份历史编年档案，并附有要览，这样他们今后学习历史就可以参照这份档案。
　　以上所述就是写这本世界历史故事的宗旨。
　　——维吉尔·Ｍ·希利尔（卡尔佛特首任校长，本书作者）