梨优质丰产栽培实用技术

基本信息（以实物为准）

作者简介：

许桓瑜，博士，副研究员。主要从事植物生物学研究和农业科研管理工作。主持海南省重点研发项目、中国工程院研究咨询项目、中央高校基本科研业务费项目等，参与主持 “948”项目，以 及通讯作者发表论文 30 余篇。

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内容提要：

《梨优质丰产栽培实用技术》对梨生产现状与发展趋势、梨优良品种的特性与品种选择、梨育苗技术、梨园建园技术、整形修剪技术、土肥水管理技术、花果管理、病虫害防治技术等内容进行了详细的介绍，以便使梨的种植及管理人员、相关技术服务人员能够全面、详尽地掌握梨优质丰产的现代栽培技术。本书结合笔者多年生产一线的实践经验，根据梨栽培管理中的实际需求，力求介绍生产中 实用的 技术，介绍生产新动向，以服务于现代农业大背景下的梨产业的发展需求，使内容贴近实际，解决果农在生产中遇到的实际问题。

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目录：

Contents
Chapter 1 General ……………………………………………………………… 1
Section 1 Economic Significance of Pear Cultivation ………………………… 1
Section 2 History and Current Situation of Pear Cultivation ………………… 1
Section 3 Problems and Developing Trends in Pear Production ……………… 2
Chapter 2 Superior Cultivars ………………………………………………… 5
Section 1 Classification of Pears Cultivated in China ………………………… 5
Section 2 Superior Cultivars ………………………………………………… 6
Section 3 Cultivar Selection ………………………………………………… 25
Chapter 3 Growth and Fruiting Habits …………………………………… 27
Section 1 Characteristics of Roots ………………………………………… 27
Section 2 Characteristics of Buds, Branches, and Leaves ………………… 34
Section 3 Flower Bud Diff erentiation ……………………………………… 44
Section 4 Flowering and Fruiting ………………………………………… 46
Section 5 Development of Fruits …………………………………………… 48
Section 6 Requirements for Environmental Conditions …………………… 49
Chapter 4 Nursery Techniques …………………………………………… 53
Section 1 Types and Selection of Rootstock ……………………………… 53
Section 2 Nursery Techniques …………………………………………… 56
Section 3 Breeding of Dwarfing and Virus-free Seedlings ………………… 69
Section 4 Top Grafting for Growing Superior Cultivars …………………… 70
Chapter 5 Orchard Construction Techniques …………………………… 73
Section 1 Selections of Orchard Land ……………………………………… 73
Section 2 Orchard Planning and Setting …………………………………… 77
Section 3 Planting of Pear ………………………………………………… 84
Chapter 6 Nutrient, Soil, Fertilizer, and Water Management Techniques
for Pear Trees ………………………………………………… 89
Section 1 Nutrient Elements for Pear Trees ………………………………… 89
Section 2 Soil Management Techniques for Pear Orchard ………………… 95
Section 3 Fertilizer Requirement Characteristics of Pear Trees and
Scientific Fertilization …………………………………………… 121
Section 4 Irrigation and Drainage ………………………………………… 147
Chapter 7 Trimming and Pruning of Pear Trees ………………………… 152
Section 1 The Principle and Function of Trimming and Pruning of
Pear Trees ………………………………………………………… 152
Section 2 The Basis, Time, and Method of Trimming and Pruning for
Pear Trees ………………………………………………………… 158
Section 3 Trimming Characteristics of Pear Trees and Requirement for
High-yield Tree Shapes ………………………………………… 169
Section 4 Main Tree Shapes of Pear Trees ………………………………… 173
Section 5 Method of Pruning ……………………………………………… 180
Section 6 Innovation of Trimming and Pruning Technology for Pear Trees … 184
Chapter 8 Flower and Fruit Management ………………………………… 188
Section 1 Pollination Promotion and Fruit Setting Rate Improvement …… 188
Section 2 Frost Prevention during Anthesis ………………………………… 190
Section 3 Blossom and Fruit Thinning …………………………………… 191
Section 4 Fruit Bagging …………………………………………………… 194
Section 5 Harvesting, Packaging, and Transport of Fruits ………………… 196
Chapter 9 Top Grafting for Growing Superior Cultivars ………………… 200
Section 1 Top Grafting Period ……………………………………………… 200
Section 2 Treatment of Top Grafting Trees ………………………………… 200
Section 3 Grafting ………………………………………………………… 201
Section 4 Post-grafting Management ……………………………………… 201
Chapter 10 Integrated Control Technology for Diseases and Pests
on Pear Trees ………………………………………………… 203
Section 1 Occurrence and Infection of Diseases on Fruit Trees …………… 203
Section 2 Identification and Retrieval of Fruit Tree Diseases ……………… 214
Section 3 Ide

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精 彩 页：

VII. Problems of Fertilization in Pear Orchards and Methods of Improving Fertilizer Efficiency 1. Problems of Fertilization in Pear Orchards (1) Excessive use of chemical fertilizer. Fruit farmers do not know the soil nutrient status of orchards, so they often blindly apply fertilizers based on their experience and habits, believing that the more fertilizers are applied, the better. This phenomenon particularly occurs in the use of nitrogen fertilizer, which often causes a strong preference for nitrogen fertilizer, resulting in vigorous growth of trees and degradation of fruit quality. (2) Less use of base fertilizer. The land conditions of most orchards in China are relatively poor, and most orchards have severely insufficient organic matter in the soil. The application of base fertilizer in autumn is crucial to the quality of fruit, but many orchards do not apply base fertilizer or apply insufficient base fertilizer. 2. Methods of Improving Fertilizer Efficiency (1) Fertilization according to the life cycle. ① In the sapling stage, sufficient nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and an appropriate amount of potassium fertilizer should be applied in order to expand the canopy, allow the tree body to grow well, and expand the root system. ② In the early fruit-bearing stage, phosphate fertilizer should be increased in combination with nitrogen and potassium fertilizers to promote flower bud diff erentiation and improve yield rapidly. ③ In the full bearing stage, nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium fertilizers should be applied together with the properly increased proportion of nitrogen fertilizer, so as to achieve high quality, high yield, and stable yield. ④ In the senescence stage, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used in proper combination with phosphate and potassium fertilizers to renew, rejuvenate, and prolong the lifespan. (2) According to the soil and leaf analysis, fertilizer is applied according to the fertilizer prescription once every two years, which is determined to be a more scientific fertilization method at present according to the measured data and the corresponding parameters of the high-yield orchard. (3) More organic fertilizer should be applied during deep plowing in autumn. Human excreta, barnyard manure, compost, farmyard fertilizer, cake manure, straw manure, etc. can increase the content of organic matter in the soil, which is beneficial to microbial activities. (4) Foliage dressing is generally carried out in spring. Depending on the deficient nutrients, nitrogen, zinc, boron, ferrum, calcium, etc., should be supplemented, which are easy to absorb and apply, with rapid fertilizer efficiency. This can also be carried out in combination with spraying. VIII. Symptoms and Treatment of Element Deficiency in Pear Trees 1. Nitrogen (1) Symptoms of nitrogen deficiency: For the diagnosis of nitrogen deficiency, mature leaves from spring shoots grown in the current year are taken for analysis. When the nitrogen content of leaves is less than 1.8%, it is deemed deficient; When the nitrogen content is 2.3%-2.7%, it is deemed appropriate; When the content is more than 3.5%, it is deemed excessive. When pear trees are deficient in nitrogen, old leaves in the lower part at the early stage will fade, new leaves will grow smaller, and shoots will grow weakly. In the case of severe nitrogen deficiency, the leaves of the whole tree will fade evenly in diff erent degrees, showing light green to yellow, and the old leaves will turn red and fall in advance; The shoots become aging, with fewer fl ower buds generated; Leaves will fall early, with fewer flower buds, flowers, and fruits, and fruits are small but in good color. Insuff icient nutrients of pear trees stored in the past year and less fertilizer or untimely fertilization during the growing season may cause nitrogen deficiency in shoots and fruits at the vigorous growth stage. (2) In the treatment of nitrogen deficiency, the application of nitroge

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