葛传椝英语写作

　　★ 由英语学界泰斗、英文教育界先驱、陆谷孙恩师葛传椝先生撰写。

　　★ 全书以简明地道的英文写成。
　　★ 指出中国英语学习者在写作中遇到的难题并一一解答。
　　★ 包含摘自现代英语中的大量实例。
　　★ 配以切合实际的练习题，巩固写作技巧。
　　★ 对惯用法、习语和遣词造句等有关问题进行了详实阐述。

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I  INTRODUCTION
　1. Composition and Compositions
　2. Purpose of This Book
　3. Your Advantage
　4. Your Special Difficulties
　5. Rhetoric

CHAPTER II  MECHANICS OF COMPOSITION
　6. Materials
　7. One Side or Two Sides?
　8. Margins
　9. Spacing
　10. Titles
　11. Paging
　12. Folding
　13. Endorsing
　14. Spelling
　15. Syllabication
　16. Underlining
　17. Italics
　18. Omissions, Corrections, and Insertions
　19. A Warning

CHAPTER III  LEARNING TO WRITE
　20. Something to Say
　21. How to Say It
　22. A Consolation
　23. Others May Have Said It before You
　24. What to Read
　25. How to Read
　26. Some Dictionaries Recommended
　27. Self-cultivation
　28. Writing from Memory
　29. Imitation, Conscious and Unconscious
　30. Reading Dictionaries
　31. Expressing Another Person’s Thoughts
　32. Paraphrasing Sentences
　33. Suggestions for Paraphrasing
　34. Paraphrasing Paragraphs
　35. Paraphrasing Verse
　36. Condensing
　37. Various Degrees of Condensation
　38. Suggestions for Condensing
　39. Using Materia1 in Han
　40. Expressing Your Own Thoughts
　41. Keeping a Diary
　42. Choosing a Subject
　43. Choosing a Title
　44. Taking Notes
　45. Making an Outline
　46. Note-taking and Outline-making in the Head
　47. Making Outlines of What You Read
　48. Expanding an Outline
　49. Practice in Composition

CHAPTER IV  WRITING CORRECTLY
　50. What is Correct English?
　51. Usage
　52. Present-day Usage
　53. Neologisms
　54. English and American Usage
　55. Good Usage
　56. Expressions Outside of Good Usage
　57. Colloquialisms Etc in Written English

　……

CHAPTER V  WRITING CORRECTLY (Continued)

 CHAPTER VI  WRITING WELL

CHAPTER VII PARAGRAPHS

Chater VII FORMS OF COMPOSITION

　　2. Purpose of this Book. This book is not confined tocompositions in the narrower sense though these are by no meansneglected. Nor does it claim to teach the writing of novels, shortstories, dramas, poems, literary criticism, newspaper editorials,or scholarly treatises. It gives principles, suggestions, models,and exercises that will help you to express yourself well inEnglish no matter what form of writing you may happen to do.
　　This book is written for you, who are supposed to be a Chinesestudent of English having a vocabulary of several thousand wordsand a fair knowledge of grammar, but having had little practice inwriting, and even less in speaking, the language. From the use ofthis book you may expect to acquire the art of expression inEnglish — on condition that you do all the exercises carefully,preferably under the guidance of a competent teacher, and act uponall the principles and suggestions as far as possible.

　　3. Your Advantage. As I have said in the above, you “aresupposed to be a Chinese student of English ... having had littlepractice in writing, and even less in speaking the language”. Ifyou had been brought up in an English-speaking family, you would nodoubt have more freedom of expression in the use of English thanyou have. But you have your advantage too. Just because you havenot been brought up in an English-speaking family, you will besaved a great deal of trouble of trying to unlearn many errors andfaults peculiar to those having been brought up on English. You arenot, for instance, in the habit of using the notorious doublenegative, as in “I don’t know nothing about him”, which manyEnglish-speaking children say when they ought to say “I knownothing about him” or “I don’t know anything about him”.
　　Much of the material that is usually found in books ofcomposition written for English-speaking students is thereforequite useless to you — perhaps as useless as any method of gettingrid of the cigarette habit would be to non-smokers.

　　4. Your Special Difficulties. Being the kind of student youare, you have certain special difficulties in learning Englishcomposition. You are perhaps a better speller than the averageEnglish or American schoolboy is; you have perhaps had morepractice in parsing and analysis than he has; you perhaps know agreat many words that he does not know. But you find it much moredifficult to express many common ideas and thoughts than he does;you are far less good at the use of many common words than he is;you may even make such ridiculous mistakes as he never dreamsof.
　　A large part of this book is devoted to helping you to conquerthese difficulties.

　　5. Rhetoric. The two words “and Rhetoric” might have beenadded to the title of this book. You would like to have them added,wouldn’t you? At any rate, you must not think that thehigh-sounding word “rhetoric” as used in the titles of so manyAmerican books of English composition has anything “deep” in it. Infact, it is practically equivalent to “composition” or “the art orpractice of writing”, as can be seen from the following definitionof the term quoted from a very popular book of “Composition andRhetoric”: “Rhetoric consists of the study of the principlesgoverning the clear, forceful, and elegant expression of thoughts”.Such books, which are often called “rhetorics” (with the singular“a rhetoric”) in America, do not teach anything that is not taughtin those having only the more homely word “composition” in theirtitles.
　　If I have dropped the word “rhetoric” from the title of thisbook, however, it is not merely because the term would sound moreor less like an Americanism or because it would not have muchmeaning. There are two other reasons. First, this book is not aformal treatise on rhetoric in the old-fashioned sense of the word:it does not make a parade of the many jaw-breaking rhetorical termsthat are of little use except as an essential part of a knowledgeof rhetoric, such as “asyndeton”, “oxymoron”, and “syllepsis”.Secondly, this book abstains from advising the observance of manyrules that exist only from a narrowly rhetorical point of view: itmentions some of them only to condemn them as superstitions, suchas “A sentence should not begin with ‘and’” and “A sentence shouldnot end with a preposition”.

　　本书是葛传椝先生为我国读者撰写的英语写作专著，可作高校教材，亦可作自学课本。除对写作基本知识、写作技巧和文体修辞分章介绍之外，还特别对惯用法、习语和遣词造句等有关问题进行了详实阐述。同时配以大量取自现代英美书刊原著中的实例，以及各种切合实际的练习题。本书用简明地道的英文写成，是英语写作教材之经典。

　　葛传椝（1906—1992），我国英语学界泰斗，著有《英汉四用词典》、《新英汉词典》（主要编纂者之一）及《英语惯用法词典》等，影响深远，恩泽几代学人。