醉染图书西藏两栖爬行动物——多样与进化9787030639608

总论

一、西藏自然概况 2

二、昆明动物研究所在西藏启动的考察研究概况(2010-2018) 9

三、西藏两栖爬行动物地理区划分析 17

( 一) 两栖动物地理区划 17

( 二) 爬行动物地理区划

四、青藏高原两栖爬行动物的适应与进化 30

( 一) 高海拔适应 30

( 二) 基因组水平数据揭示高原特有物种—高山倭蛙的群体动态和物种分化 40

( 三) 高原沙蜥属物种繁殖方式的进化及其遗传基础 42

( 四) 西藏特有物种高山倭蛙和西藏温泉蛇基因组信息 45

各论*

两栖纲AMPHIBIA 54

有尾目URODELA 56

一、小鲵科 Hynobiidae 56

1. 山溪鲵属Batrachuperus Boulenger, 1878 56

(1) 无斑山溪鲵Batrachuperus karlschmidti Liu, 1950 57

二、蝾螈科Salamandridae 62

2. 疣螈属Tylototriton Anderson, 1871 62

(2) 棕黑疣螈Tylototriton cf. verrucosus Anderson, 1871 62

无尾目ANURA 65

三、角蟾科Megophryidae 65

3. 齿突蟾属Scutiger Theobald, 1868 65

(3) 西藏齿突蟾Scutiger boulengeri(Bedriaga, 1898) 68

(4) 花齿突蟾Scutiger maculatus (Liu, 1950) 74

(5) 刺胸齿突蟾Scutiger mammatus (Günther, 1896) 75

(6) 林芝齿突蟾Scutiger nyingchiensis Fei, 1977 81

(7) 锡金齿突蟾Scutiger sikimmensis (Blyth, 1854) 84

(8) 刺疣齿突蟾Scutiger spinosus Jiang, Wang, Li, and Che, 2016 89

(9) 吴氏齿突蟾Scutiger wuguanfui Jiang, Rao, Yuan, Wang, Li, Hou, Che, and Che, 2012 96

4. 拟髭蟾属Leptobrachium Tschudi, 1838 101

(10) 波普拟髭蟾Leptobrachium bompu Sondhi and Ohler, 2011 103

5. 异角蟾属Xenophrys Günther, 1864 109

(11) 肯氏角蟾Xenophrys kempii(Annandale, 1912) 110

(12) 墨脱角蟾Xenophrys medogensis(Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1983) 112

(13) 凸肛角蟾Xenophrys pachyproctus(Huang, 1981) 116

(14) 张氏角蟾Xenophrys zhangi(Ye and Fei, 1992) 120

四、蟾蜍科 1

6. 蟾蜍属Bufo Garsault, 1764 1

(15) 华西蟾蜍Bufo cf. andrewsi Schmidt, 1925 125

(16) 中华蟾蜍Bufo gargarizans Cantor, 1842 129

(16a) 中华蟾蜍- 青藏高原高海拔种群 129

(16b) 中华蟾蜍- 芒康金沙江河谷种群 136

7. 漠蟾属Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815 140

(17) 札达蟾蜍Bufotes zamdaensis(Fei, Ye, and Huang, 199)11

8. 头棱蟾属Duttaphrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain et al., 2006 147

(18) 喜山蟾蜍Duttaphrynus himalayanus(Günther, 1864) 149

(19) 黑眶蟾蜍Duttaphrynus melanostictus(Schneider, 179)15

(20) 司徒蟾蜍Duttaphrynus stuarti (Smith, 1929) 160

(20a) 司徒蟾蜍察隅亚种Duttaphrynus stuarti cyphosus(e,197)16

(20b) 司徒蟾蜍墨脱亚种Duttaphrynus stuarti medogensis ssp. nov. Jiang,Wang, Li, and Che 167

五、蛙科Ranidae 174

9. 湍蛙属Amolops Cope, 1865 174

(21) 阿尼桥湍蛙Amolops aniqiaoensis Dong, Rao, and Lü, 2005 176

(22) 背崩湍蛙Amolops beibengensis sp. nov. Jiang, Li, Zou, Yan, and Che 181

() 察隅湍蛙Amolops chayuensis Sun, Luo, Sun, and Zhang, 2013 187

(24) 僜湍蛙Amolops deng sp. nov. Jiang, Wang, and Che 192

(25) 小耳湍蛙Amolops gerbillus (Annandale, 1912) 200

(26) 吉隆湍蛙Amolops gyirongensis sp. nov. Jiang, Wang, Wang, Pan, and Che 201

(27) 西域湍蛙Amolops cf. marmoratus (Blyth, 1855) 210

(28) 墨脱湍蛙 Amolops medogensis Li and Rao, 2005 212

(29) 林芝湍蛙Amolops nyingchiensis Jiang, Wang, Yan, Xie, Jiang, and Che, 2016 218

(30) 苔斑湍蛙Amolops wangyufani sp. nov. Jiang 224

(31) 雅江湍蛙Amolops yarlungzangbo sp. nov. Jiang, Wang, Li, i, Li, and Che 1

10. 臭蛙属Odorrana Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990

(32) 大吉岭臭蛙Odorrana chloronota(Günther, 1875)

11. 蛙属Rana Linnaeus, 1758 243

(33) 高原林蛙Rana kukunoris Nikolskii, 1918 245

六、叉舌蛙科Dicroglossidae 249

12. 倭蛙属Nanorana Günther, 1896 249

(34) 布兰福棘蛙Nanorana blanfordii(Boulenger, 1882) 252

(35) 察隅棘蛙Nanorana chayuensis (Ye, 1977) 255

(36) 错那棘蛙Nanorana conaensis (Fei and Huang, 1981) 261

(37) 棘臂蛙Nanorana liebigii(Günther, 1860) 266

(38) 墨脱棘蛙Nanorana medogensis(Fei and Ye, 1999) 273

(39) 高山倭蛙Nanorana parkeri(Stejneger, 1927) 277

(40) 倭蛙Nanorana pleskei Günther, 1896 286

(41) 波留宁棘蛙Nanorana polunini(Smith, 1951) 290

(42) 罗斯坦棘蛙Nanorana rostandi (Dubois, 1974) 294

13. 小跳蛙属Ingerana Dubois, 1986 297

(43) 北小跳蛙Ingerana borealis(Annandale, 1912) 298

七、亚洲角蛙科Ceratobatrachidae 304

14. 舌突蛙属Liurana Dubois, 1986 304

(44) 高山舌突蛙Liurana alpina Huang and Ye, 1997 306

(45) 墨脱舌突蛙Liurana medogensis Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1997 310

(46) 河谷舌突蛙Liurana vallecula Jiang, Wang, Wang, Li, and Che, 20131

(47) 西藏舌突蛙Liurana ensis(Hu, 1977) 317

八、树蛙科Rhacophoridae 3

15. 费树蛙属Feihyla Frost, Grant, Faivovich et al., 2006 326

(48) 侧条费树蛙Feihyla vittata (Boulenger, 1887) 327

16. 纤树蛙属Gracixalus Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean, and Ohler, 2005 330

(49) 墨脱纤树蛙Gracixalus medogensis(Ye and Hu, 1984) 331

17. 原指树蛙属Kurixalus Ye, Fei, and Dubois, 19933

(50) 突吻原指树蛙Kurixalus naso (Annandale, 191) 5

18. 棱鼻树蛙属Nasutixalus Jiang, Yan, Wang, and Che, 2016 340

(51) 墨脱棱鼻树蛙Nasutixalus medogensis Jiang, Wang, Yan, and Che, 2016 342

19. 泛树蛙属Polypedates Tschudi, 1838 347

(52) 布氏泛树蛙Polypedates braueri(Vogt, 1911) 348

20. 灌树蛙属Raorchestes Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta, and Bossuyt, 2010 353

(53) 疣灌树蛙Raorchestes cf. tuberculatus(Anderson, 187)35

21. 树蛙属Rhacophorus Kuhl and van Hasselt, 182 5

(54) 双斑树蛙Rhacophorus bipunctatus Ahl, 1927 361

(55) 缅甸树蛙Rhacophorus burmanus(Andersson, 1939) 367

(56) 白颌大树蛙Rhacophorus smaragdinus(Blyth, 185) 3

(57) 横纹树蛙Rhacophorus translineatus Wu, 1977 378

(58) 圆疣树蛙Rhacophorus tuberculatus(Anderson, 1871) 385

22. 棱皮树蛙属Theloderma Tschudi, 1838 394

(59) 背崩棱皮树蛙Theloderma baibungense(Jiang, Fei, and Huang, 2009) 395

(60) 棘棱皮树蛙Theloderma moloch(Annandale, 191)

爬行纲 REPTILIA 406

有鳞目SUAMATA 408

蜥蜴亚目LACERTILIA 408

一、壁虎科Gekkonidae 408

1. 隆趾虎属Altiphylax Jerem？enko and Szczerbak, 1984 408

(1) 墨脱隆趾虎Altiphylax medogensis(Zhao and Li, 1987) 410

2. 裸趾虎属Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827 415

(2) 察隅裸趾虎Cyrtodactylus cayuensis Li, 2007 417

(3) 卡西裸趾虎Cyrtodactylus khasiensis(Jerdon, 1870) 422

(4) 西藏裸趾虎Cyrtodactylus tibetanus(Boulenger, 1905) 4

(5) 赵氏裸趾虎Cyrtodactylus zhaoermii Shi and Zhao, 2010 429

3. 蜥虎属Hemidactylus Oken, 1817 432

(6) 宽尾蜥虎Hemidactylus platyurus(Schneider, 1797) 434

4. 半叶趾虎属Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 439

(7) 察隅半叶趾虎Hemiphyllodactylus zayuensis sp. nov. Jiang, Wang, and Che 440

二、鬣蜥科Agamidae 444

5. 树蜥属Calotes Cuvier, 1816 445

(8) 绿背树蜥Calotes jerdoni Günther, 1870 447

(9) 墨脱树蜥Calotes medogensis Zhao and Li, 1984 450

(10) 异鳞蜥Calotes paulus(Smith, 1935) 456

6. 龙蜥属Diploderma Hallowell, 1861 458

(11) 巴塘龙蜥Diploderma batangense(Li, Deng, Wu, and Wang, 2001) 460

(12) 侏龙蜥Diploderma drukdaypo(Wang, Ren, Jiang, Zou, Wu, Che, and Siler, 201). 66

(13) 滑腹龙蜥Diploderma laeviventre(Wang, Jiang, Siler, and Che, 2016) 470

(14) 帆背龙蜥Diploderma vela(Wang, Jiang, Siler, and Che, 2015) 475

7. 飞蜥属Draco Linnaeus, 1758 480

(15) 斑飞蜥Draco maculatus(Gray, 1845) 482

8. 攀蜥属Japalura Gray, 1853 485

(16) 长肢攀蜥Japalura andersoniana Annandale, 1905 486

(17) 三棱攀蜥Japalura tricarinata(Blyth, 1854) 492

9. 岩蜥属Laudakia Gray, 1845 497

(18) 西藏岩蜥Laudakia papenfussi Zha, 998 498

(19) 拉萨岩蜥Laudakia sacra(Smith, 1935) 501

(20) 南亚岩蜥Laudakia tuberculata(Gray, 1827) 512

(21) 吴氏岩蜥Laudakia wui Zha, 998 516

10. 混鳞蜥属Mictopholis Smith, 1935 522

(22) 混鳞蜥Mictopholis austeniana(Annandale, 1908) 5

11. 沙蜥属Phrynocephalus Kaup, 1825 527

() 红尾沙蜥Phrynocephalus erythrurus Zugmayer, 1909 529

(24) 西藏沙蜥Phrynocephalus theobaldi Blyth, 1863 536

12. 喉褶蜥属Ptyctolaemus Peters, 1864 541

(25) 喉褶蜥Ptyctolaemus gularis(Peters, 1864) 543

三、蛇蜥科Anguidae 548

13. 脆蛇蜥属Dopasia Gray, 1853 548

(26) 细脆蛇蜥Dopasia gracilis(Gray, 1845) 549

四、石龙子科Scincidae 553

14. 裂睑蜥属Asymblepharus Eremtschenko and Szczerbak, 1980 553

(27) 喜山裂睑蜥Asymblepharus himalayanus(Günther, 1864) 555

(28) 拉达克裂睑蜥Asymblepharus ladacensis(Günther, 1864) 560

(29) 墨脱裂睑蜥Asymblepharus medogensis sp. nov. Jiang, Wu, Guo, Li, and Che 564

(30) 林芝裂睑蜥Asymblepharus nyingchiensis sp. nov. Jiang, Wu, Wang, Ding, and Che 568

(31) 锡金裂睑蜥Asymblepharus sikimmensis(Blyth, 1854) 574

(32) 裂睑蜥属未定种( 札达)Asymblepharus sp. (Zanda) 577

15. 滑蜥属Scincella Mittleman, 1950 581

(33) 长肢滑蜥Scincella doriae (Boulenger, 1887) 582

16. 蜓蜥属Sphenomorphus Fitzinger, 1843 585

(34) 墨脱蜓蜥Sphenomorphus courcyanus(Annandale, 1912) 587

(35) 铜蜓蜥Sphenomorphus indicus(Gray, 1853) 589

(36) 斑蜓蜥Sphenomorphus maculatus(Blyth, 1853) 593

蛇亚目SERPENTES 598

五、蝰科Viperidae 598

17. 亚洲蝮属Gloydius Hoge and Romano-Hoge, 1981 598

(37) 澜沧蝮Gloydius huangi Wang, Ren, Dong, Jiang, Siler, and Che, 2019 600

18. 烙铁头蛇属Ovophis Burger, 1981 603

(38) 山烙铁头蛇Ovophis monticola(Günther, 1864) 605

(39) 察隅烙铁头蛇Ovophis zayuensis(Jiang, 1977) 609

19. 原矛头蝮属Protobothrops Hoge and Romano-Hoge, 1983 614

(40) 喜山原矛头蝮Protobothrops himalayanus Pan, Chettri, Yang, Jiang, Wang,Zhang, and Vogel, 2013 615

(41) 菜花原矛头蝮Protobothrops jerdonii (Günther, 1875) 620

(42) 缅北原矛头蝮Protobothrops kaulbacki(Smith, 1940) 625

20. 竹叶青蛇属Trimeresurus Lacepède, 1804 629

(43) 墨脱竹叶青蛇Trimeresurus(Viridovipera)medoensis Dja, 977 630

(44) 西藏竹叶青蛇Trimeresurus(Himalayophis) tibetanus Huang, 1982 634

六、游蛇科Colubridae 637

21. 珠光蛇属Blythia Theobald, 1868 638

(45) 珠光蛇Blythia reticulata(Blyth, 1854) 638

22. 过树蛇属Dendrelaphis Boulenger, 1890 640

(46) 喜山过树蛇Dendrelaphis biloreatus Wall, 1908 642

(47) 蓝绿过树蛇Dendrelaphis cyanochloris(Wall, 1921) 644

. 锦蛇属Elaphe Fitzinger, 1833 648

(48) 坎氏锦蛇Elaphe cantoris(Boulenger, 1894) 649

(49) 南峰锦蛇Elaphe hodgsonii(Günther, 1860) 652

(50) 黑眉锦蛇Elah aeiura Cope, 1861 655

24. 玉斑蛇属Euprepiophis Fitzinger, 1843 660

(51) 玉斑锦蛇Euprepiophis mandarinus(Cantor, 1842) 660

25. 紫灰蛇属Oreocryptophis Utiger, Sch？tti and Helfenberger, 2005 662

(52) 紫灰锦蛇Oreocryptophis porphyraceus(Cantor, 1839) 663

26. 东亚腹链蛇属Hebius Thompson, 1913 666

(53) 卡西腹链蛇Hebius khasiensis(Boulenger, 1890) 668

27. 喜山腹链蛇属Herpetoreas Günther, 1860 670

(54) 察隅腹链蛇Herpetoreas burbrinki Guo, Zhu, Liu, Zhang, Li, Huang and Pyron, 2014 671

(55) 双带腹链蛇Herpetoreas cf. parallelum(Boulenger, 1890) 673

(56) 平头腹链蛇Herpetoreas platyceps(Blyth, 1854) 677

28. 滑鳞蛇属Liopeltis Fitzinger, 1843 679

(57) 滑鳞蛇Liopeltis frenatus(Günther, 1858) 680

29. 链蛇属Lycodon Boie, 1826 683

(58) 双全白环蛇Lycodon cf. fasciatus(Anderson, 1879) 685

(59) 白链蛇Lycodon septentrionalis(Günther, 1875) 688

(60) 察隅链蛇Lycodon zayuensis sp. nov. Jiang, Wang, Jin, and Che 691

30. 小头蛇属Oligodon Fitzinger, 1826 696

(61) 喜山小头蛇Oligodon albocinctus(Cantor, 1839) 697

(62) 墨脱小头蛇Oligodon ipi sp. nov. Jiang, Wang, Li, Ding, Ding, and Che 701

(63) 黑带小头蛇Oligodon melanozonatus Wall, 1922 705

31. 扁头蛇属Platyceps Blyth, 1860 707

(64) 红脊扁头蛇Platyceps rhodorachis(Jan, 1863) 708

32. 斜鳞蛇属Pseudoxenodon Boulenger, 1890 710

(65) 大眼斜鳞蛇Pseudoxenodon macrops(Blyth, 1855) 711

33. 鼠蛇属Ptyas Fitzinger, 1843 716

(66) 黑线乌梢蛇Ptyas nigromarginata(Blyth, 1854) 717

34. 颈槽蛇属Rhabdophis Fitzinger, 1843 720

(67) 喜山颈槽蛇Rhabdophis himalayanus(Günther, 1864) 722

(68) 缅甸颈槽蛇Rhabdophis leonardi(Wall, 19) 25

35. 剑蛇属Sibynophis Fitzinger, 1843 731

(69) 黑领剑蛇Sibynophis collaris(Gray, 1853) 732

36. 温泉蛇属Thermophis Malnate, 1953 735

(70) 西藏温泉蛇Thermophis baileyi(Wall, 1907) 736

37. 坭蛇属Trachischium Günther, 1858 743

(71) 耿氏坭蛇Trachischium guentheri Boulenger, 1890 744

(72) 山坭蛇Trachischium monticola(Cantor, 183)77

(73) 小头坭蛇Trachischium tenuiceps(Blyth, 1854) 750

七、钝头蛇科Pareatidae 754

38. 钝头蛇属Pareas Wagler, 1830 754

(74) 喜山钝头蛇Pareas monticola(Cantor, 1839) 755

八、眼镜蛇科Elapidae 758

39. 环蛇属Bungarus Daudin, 1803 758

(75) 环蛇Bungarus bungaroides(Cantor, 1839) 759

40. 眼镜蛇属Naja Laurenti, 1768 761

(76) 孟加拉眼镜蛇Naja kaouthia Lesson, 1831 762

41. 眼镜王蛇属Ophiophagus Güther, 1864 763

(77) 眼镜王蛇Ophiophagus hannah(Cantor, 1836) 763

42. 华珊瑚蛇属Sinomicrurus Slowinski, Boundy, and Lawson, 2001 770

(78) 中华珊瑚蛇Sinomicrurus macclellandi(Reinhardt, 1844)