1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background and Significance
1.1.1 Chinas Emission Reduction Targets and Actions
1.1.2 The Development Status of Highway Tunnel Industry in China
1.1.3 Research Backgrounds of the Tunnel Emission Reduction
1.2 Research Status and Review
1.2.1 Research Progress on Carbon Emissions from Tunnels
1.2.2 LCA Framework for the Carbon Emissions of Tunnels
1.. Research Progress on LCA Uncertainty
1.3 Existing Problems
1.4 Main Research Content
References
2 Carbon Emission ntification Theory and Modular LCAMethod
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic Knowledge of Carbon Emissions
2.2.1 Greenhouse Gases
2.2.2 Carbon Exchange Pathway
. Basic Methods for ntifying Carbon Emissions
..1 Direct Measurement Method
..2 The Process Analysis Method
.. The Input-Output Method
..4 The Hybrid Method
2.4 Overview of LCA
2.4.1 Objectives and Steps
2.4.2 Functional Unit and Reference Flow
2.4.3 Product System and Unirces
2.4.4 System Boundary
2.4.5 Data Collection and Calculation
2.4.6 Environmental Effects and Assessment Methods
2.4.7 Main Features of LCA
2.5 Overview of Product Moarzation
2.5.1 Concept of Moarzation
2.5.2 Modular LCA Method
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Carbon Emission Prediction Method for Tunnel Construction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Method
3.2.1 Potential Factors Affecting Tunnel Construction Emissions
3.2.2 Overview of the Tunnels
3.. Calculation Method for Tunnel Construction Emissions
3.2.4 Common Prediction Models
3.2.5 Data Analysis Method
3.3 Results
3.3.1 Carbon Emissions of Tunnel Construction
3.3.2 Factors Influencing Carbon Emissions from Tunnel Construction
3.3.3 Models Predicting Carbon Emissions from Tunnel Construction
3.4 Discussion
3.5 Conclusions
References
4 A Modular Calculation Method for the Carbon Emissions of Highway Tunnel Construction Based on the Chinese Standard ot
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methods and Data
4.2.1 Goal and Scope
4.2.2 Inventory Analysis
4.. Sensitivity Analysis of Settings for Material Transportation, Collection, and Processing
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 Inventories of Input and Carbon Emissions for Primitives
4.3.2 Case Study
4.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Uncertainty Analysis of Carbon Emissions from Highway Tunnel Construction
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Uncertainty Analysis Method
5.2.1 Data lity Indicator
5.2.2 Parameter Probability Distribution
5.. Monte Carlo Simulation
5.2.4 Maximum Likelihood Estimation
5.2.5 Scenario Analysis
5.3 Uncertainty Analysis of Carbon Emissions of Unit Engineering ntity
5.3.1 Parameter Value
5.3.2 Sample Size
5.3.3 Uncertainty Analysis of Primitives Carbon Emissions
5.3.4 Primitive Carbon Emission Fitting
5.4 Uncertainty Analysis of Carbon Emissions from Lining Construction
5.4.1 Parameter Value
5.4.2 Model Uncertainty Analysis
5.4.3 Parameter Uncertainty Analysis
5.4.4 Analysis of Scenario Uncertainty
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Carbon Emission Transition of Highway Tunnel Construction
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methods and Materials
6.2.1 Rock Mass Grades and Lining Designs
6.2.2 System Boundary
6.. Inventory Data
6.2.4 Evaluation Indexes for Tunnel Emission Increment
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Carbon Emission Evaluation
6.3.2 Transition Path Analysis of the Tunnel Construction Emission
6.4 Conclusion
References
7 Influence of Tunnel Lining Design Parameters on Construction Carbon Emissions
7.1 Introduction
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