全新正版母婴健康照护棘手问题解答9787571008642湖南科技

妈篇章 迎接新生命，你们准备好了1.为什么要做孕前优生健康检查？·····················3
2.孕前优生检查包括哪些项目？······················3
3.做孕前优生健康检查有哪些注意事项？····················4
4.为什么孕前就要开始补充叶酸？·····················4
5.孕期为什么要做超声检查？·························4
6.孕期要做多少次产检？·························4
7.什么是唐氏筛查？····························5
8.什么是无创产前基因检测？·························5
9.孕期为什么要做糖耐量试验？·······················5
10.什么是产前诊断？····························5
11.分娩前应该准备的物品有哪些？·····················6
12.临近预产期，孕妈妈还需要注意什么？·················6

第二章 妈妈，使劲儿
节 “快生了”是什么感觉
1.孕妈妈身体出现哪些信号提示“快要生了”？···············8
2.孕妈妈如何减轻心理压力，树立分娩的信心？···················9
3.怀孕多久分娩属于正常范围？·······················9
4.正常妊娠孕妇何时入院待产？························9
5.临产后孕妈妈应该怎么吃？·······················10
第二节 “生宝宝”真的很痛1.你了解分娩的过程吗？·························11
2.分娩过程中应该注意哪些问题？·····················11
3.分娩过程中有哪些方法可以减轻疼痛？··················11
4.什么是无痛分娩？···························13
5.分娩过程中如何配合医务人员？·····················14

第三章 幸福新生活的开始
节 新妈妈的“完美蜕变”
1.产后子宫主要会发生哪些变化？····················16
2.产后、外阴会发生哪些变化，什么时候可以恢复？··········16
3.产妇在月子里乳房会发生哪些生理变化？················17
4.产后腹壁会发生怎样的改变？·····················17
5.产妇什么时候会恢复月经？······················17
6.产后发热是怎么回事？························17
7.产后间歇的下腹疼痛是什么原因？··················17
8.怎么判断产后恶露正常？·····················18
9.产妇什么时候可以下床？·······················18
第二节 新妈妈的烦恼
1.产妇小便解不出来怎么办？······················19
2.产妇有痔疮怎么办？·························19
3.产妇如果有伤口，需要注意什么？···················19
4.剖宫产术后的产妇，观察及照护要点有哪些？··············19
5.如果产妇会阴有切口或有撕裂的伤口，如何观察及照护?·········20
6.妊娠期糖尿病的产妇，产后需要注意哪些？···············20
7.妊娠期高血压的产妇，产后需要注意哪些？···············21
8.产后出血的产妇，需要注意哪些？·····················21
第三节 新妈妈，你会吃1.分娩后，妈妈需要立即发奶吗?····················22
2.哺乳期妈妈是不是要多饮汤？那如何喝汤呢？················
3.哺乳期妈妈的饮食与乳汁分泌有什么关系？···············
4.哺乳期妈妈为什么要忌烟酒？······················
5.哺乳期妈妈为什么要避免饮茶和咖啡？··················
6.分娩后，妈妈为什么要吃蔬菜水果？··················

第四章 美丽辣妈炼成记
节 “科学坐月子”不简单
1.什么是“坐月子”？一般需要多久？··················25
2.坐月子真的有必要吗？························25
3.坐月子期间产妇能不能刷牙？如何刷牙？················26
4.坐月子期间产妇能不能洗头或洗澡？··················26
5.产妇洗头要注意什么？························26
6.产妇洗澡需要注意哪些？·······················26
7.“捂月子”是怎么回事？到底对不对？·················27
8.哺乳期间，产妇如何做好乳房保健？··················27
9.产妇应该穿什么的鞋子？························27
10.产妇怎么使用束腹带？························28
11.产妇如何保持良好的心情？······················28
12.什么是产后检查？什么时候做？····················28
13.产妇什么时候可以开始？····················29
14.产褥期抑郁症有哪些表现？如何治疗和预防？··············29
第二节 分娩后，妈妈也可以美美哒！
1.产妇皮肤油腻如何护理？·······················30
2.产妇皮肤干燥怎么办？························31
3.产妇面部长斑怎么办？························31
4.产妇色素沉淀增加怎么办？······················32
5.产妇有妊娠纹能否消除？·······················32
6.剖宫产术后的瘢痕如何修复？·····················32
7.什么时候可以做产后运动？······················33
8.如何做产后健身操？·························33
9.做产后运动需要注意什么？······················36
10.正常女盆底有哪些作用？妊娠分娩对盆底的影响有哪些？···········37
11.女盆底功能障碍疾病主表有哪些？···············37
12.产妇什么时候做盆底功能筛查？····················37
13.产妇需要做盆底康复治疗吗？······················37
14.产妇什么时候做盆底康复治疗合？·················37
15.产后漏尿怎么办？··························37
16.为什么有的产妇在产后出现子宫脱垂？·················37
17.产妇发生子宫脱垂该怎么治疗？····················38
18.产妇如何提高质量？······················38
19.产妇怎么锻炼盆底功能？·······················38
20.盆底康复治疗期间会影响吗？··················38
21.产妇如何做凯格尔运动？·······················38

第五章 母乳喂养，让宝宝赢在起跑线
1.母乳喂养有哪些好处？························41
2.正确的哺乳有哪些？·······················42
3.为什么喂奶要先喂完一侧乳房再喂另一侧乳房？·············43
4.如何正确挤奶？···························43
5.挤出的母乳应该怎样储存？······················44
6.妈妈的凹陷或扁平怎么处理？···················45
7.妈妈的大，怎么哺乳？······················45
8.妈妈发生生理乳房肿胀怎么处理？··················45
9.妈妈发生乳汁淤积怎么处理？·····················46
10.妈妈发生急乳腺炎怎么处理？····················46
11.妈妈发生疼痛怎么处理？·····················46
12.妈妈发生皲裂怎么处理？·····················46
13.患甲型病毒肝炎的妈妈能喂奶··················47
14.患乙型病毒肝炎的妈妈能喂奶吗？··················47
15.患丙型病毒肝炎的妈妈能喂奶吗？··················47
16.患艾滋病的妈妈能喂奶吗？······················47
17.单纯疱疹病毒感染的妈妈能喂奶吗？··················47
18.患糖尿病的妈妈能喂奶吗？ ······················48
19.患甲状腺疾病的妈妈能喂奶吗？····················48
20.患精神疾病的妈妈能喂奶吗？·····················48
21.患癫痫的妈妈能喂奶吗？·······················48
22.妈妈用药时能否喂奶？························49

宝宝篇
第六章 小天使驾到
节 认识新生命
1.宝宝足月了吗？···························53
2.宝宝早产了吗？···························54
3.宝宝呼吸时为什么肚子一鼓一鼓的？··················54
4.宝宝出生后多久排大便？·······················54
5.宝宝出生后多久排小便？·······················54
6.宝宝为什么会发生溢奶？怎么预防和处理？···············54
7.宝宝出生后为什么体重会减轻？····················54
8.刚出生几天的宝宝为什么皮肤会发黄？·················55
9.宝宝黄疸什么时候消退?·······················55
10.母乳喂养不足可导致黄疸吗？如何预防？················55
11.什么是母乳黄疸?需要停止母乳喂养吗?···············55
12.女宝宝为什么会有“月经”？·····················55
13.宝宝牙龈上的白色点点是什么？····················56
14.宝宝鼻子上的黄白色点点是什么？···················56
15.宝宝皮肤出现红斑怎么办？······················56
16.宝宝乳房增大的原因是什么？·····················56
17.宝宝为什么会脱皮？·························56
18.宝宝鼻塞是不是感冒了？·······················56
19.宝宝打喷嚏怎么办？·························56
20.宝宝为什么不睁眼或睁一只眼闭一只眼？················57
21.宝宝的眼睛能看多远？························57
22.宝宝耳朵前有个小洞洞是怎么回事？··················57
.宝宝喉咙里呼噜呼噜响是怎么一回事？·················57
24.宝宝头上怎么长了一个“大包”？···················58
25.宝宝满月时，体重、身长、头围增长多少是正常的？··········59
第二节 宝宝喂养妙招
1.多久喂一次母乳是合理的？······················59
2.宝宝吸奶时的正确含接有哪些表现？····················59
3.宝宝不肯吸妈妈的奶怎么办？·····················60
4.宝宝每次吃多少奶才能满足需求？···················61
5.夜间需要喂奶吗？··························61
6.母乳喂养的宝宝需要添加水吗？····················61
7.母乳能用微波炉加热吗？·······················62
8.如何判断宝宝吃饱了?························62
9.宝宝总是睡觉，不爱吃奶怎么办？···················62
10.宝宝吃几口奶就睡，放下又哭，怎么办？················62
11.如何给宝宝添加维生素D？······················62
12.什么是混合喂养？···························63
13.母乳不够如何添加配方奶？ ·····················63
14.宝宝生病了，不能喂母乳怎么办？···················63
15.如何合理人工喂养？·························63
第三节 香香的宝宝招人爱
1.如何给宝宝清洁眼部？························64
2.宝宝有眼屎怎么办？·························64
3.宝宝眼睛总是流泪怎么办？······················65
4.宝宝需要掏鼻子和耳朵吗？······················65
5.宝宝有鼻屎如何处理？························65
6.每天要给宝宝清洁口腔吗？······················66
7.如何给宝宝更换尿裤？························66
8.更换尿裤要注意什么？························66
9.如何给宝宝洗澡？··························66
10.宝宝的脐带未脱落可以盆浴吗？····················67
11.什么时间给宝宝洗澡合适？······················67
12.宝宝需要每天洗澡吗？························67
13.给宝宝洗澡时，室温和水温多少合适？ ················68
14.给宝宝洗澡要注意什么？·······················68
15.如何正确护理脐带？·························68
16.如何去除宝宝头上长的一层厚厚的痂？·················69
第四节 新手爸妈需要掌握的技能
1.如何给宝宝测量体温？························69
2.宝宝的正常体温是多少？ ·······················69
3.宝宝穿什么衣服合适？························70
4.如何给宝宝保暖？··························70
5.宝宝每天拉多少次大小便是正常的？··················70
6.如何判断宝宝大便的颜色正常？··················70
7.母乳喂养的宝宝，大便稀是拉肚子吗？·················70
8.如何观察宝宝的黄疸？························70
9.晒太阳可以退黄疸吗？························71
10.宝宝吐奶的原因是什么？·······················71
11.宝宝哭闹的常见原因有哪些？·····················71
12.宝宝的脐带多久脱落？迟迟不脱落怎么办？···············72
13.宝宝的脐部出血怎么办？·······················72
14.如何识别宝宝想睡觉了？ ·······················72
15.宝宝睡觉时出现一些怪动作正常吗？··················72
16.宝宝睡眠日夜颠倒怎么办？······················72
17.新生宝宝睡眠采取什么体位合适？···················72
18.新生宝宝需要睡枕头吗？·······················73
19.如何给宝宝拍嗝？··························73
20.宝宝持续打嗝怎么办？························73
21.如何缓解宝宝的肠绞痛？·······················73
22.如何给宝宝喂药？喂药有什么注意事项？················74
.新生宝宝眼睛有血丝怎么办？····················74
24.为什么晚上要关小夜灯睡觉？·····················74
25.户外活动可以吗？·····················74
26.如何给宝宝滴眼液？························75
27.为什么不能在宝宝的床上方固定挂玩具？···············75
28.如何清洗宝宝的衣服？························75
29.新衣服怎么清洗？·························75
30.如何洗净衣服上的奶渍？······················75
31.如何洗净衣服上的果汁？·······················76
32.如何清洁和消毒奶具？························76
第五节 先天疾病早知道
1.为什么要做新生儿疾病筛查？·····················77
2.新生儿疾病筛查可以发现哪些疾病？··················77
3.什么是新生儿听力筛查?·······················77
4.新生宝宝为什么要做听力筛查？····················77
5.新生儿听力筛查的流程是什么？····················77
6.新生儿次听力筛查未通过怎么办？·················78
7.新生宝宝做了耳聋基因筛查，还要做新生儿听力筛查吗？·········78
8.为什么要做新生儿眼病筛查？·····················79
9.早产儿为什么要做眼底视网膜病变筛查？ ················79
第六节 远离疾病
1.宝宝发热了怎么办？·························80
2.宝宝发生脐部红肿、有分泌物是怎么回事？···············80
3.宝宝发生脐炎如何治疗？·······················80
4.宝宝的屁屁发红是什么原因？ ·····················80
5.怎样预防及治疗宝宝红臀？······················81
6.宝宝口腔出现白膜怎么办？······················81
7.宝宝腹泻了该怎么办?························82
8.什么是湿疹？ ····························82
9.宝宝长湿疹了怎么办？·························82
10.哪些情况可能加重宝宝的湿疹？····················83
11.宝宝出现黄疸怎么办？························83
12.什么是蓝光治疗？··························83
13.新生儿肺炎有什么表现？·······················84
14.宝宝肚脐怎么突出来了？·······················84
15.为什么宝宝出生后和满月要肌注维生素K?？············84
16.宝宝便秘怎么办？··························84

第七章 爱护早到的天使
1.为什么早产宝宝的抵抗力比足月宝宝低？················86
2.早产宝宝适宜的温度是多少？······················86
3.夏季如何为早产宝宝保持适当的温度？·················86
4.冬季如何为早产宝宝保持适当的温度？·················87
5.宝宝憋气怎么办？ ··························87
6.早产宝宝出现哪些情况需要去医院？··················88
7.如何为早产宝宝选择合适的乳类？···················88
8.什么是母乳强化剂？为什么要添加？··················89
9.如何添加母乳强化剂？ ························89
10.什么时候可以停止添加母乳强化剂？··················89
11.早产宝宝每天的奶量需要多少？····················90
12.如何给早产宝宝补充维生素D和钙、铁？················90

第八章 让宝宝更聪明
节 抚摸更健康
1.什么是婴儿抚触？··························92
2.给宝宝抚触有哪些好处？·······················92
3.哪些情况不宜给宝宝抚触？······················92
4.每天给宝宝做几次抚触合适？·····················93
5.给宝宝抚触前要做哪些准备？·····················93
6.如何给宝宝做抚触？·························93
7.给宝宝抚触时，需要注意哪些事项？··················95
第二节 袋鼠妈妈有个袋袋
1.什么是袋鼠护理？··························96
2.给宝宝做袋鼠护理有什么好处?····················96
3.如何给宝宝做袋鼠护理？·······················96
4.给宝宝做袋鼠护理要注意什么？····················97
第三节 让宝宝动起来
1.什么是婴儿操？如何做？·······················98
2.什么时候可以开始给宝宝做婴儿操？每天做几次？············105
3.给宝宝做婴儿操有什么好处？·····················105
4.给宝宝做婴儿操应注意什么？·····················105
第四节 小游戏大智慧
1.如何给宝宝进行视觉训练？······················107
2.如何给宝宝进行听觉训练？······················107
3.如何给宝宝进行视听联合训练？·····················108
4.如何给宝宝进行语言训练？······················108
5.如何给宝宝练习俯卧抬头？······················108

第九章 让宝宝更健康
节 预防疾病从出生开始
1.什么是预防接种？··························110
2.什么是计划免疫？··························110
3.宝宝出生后24小时内需要接种哪些疫苗？···············110
4.什么是免疫规划疫苗和非免疫规划疫苗？················111
5.宝宝需要接种的免疫规划疫苗有哪些？·················111
6.宝宝需要接种的非免疫规划疫苗有哪些？················111
7.宝宝可以去哪里接种疫苗？······················111
8.宝宝生病了没有接种疫苗，什么时候补种？···············111
第二节 减少疫苗不良反应的妙招
1.宝宝出现哪些情况暂时不能接种疫苗？·················112
2.宝宝接种疫苗后能否洗澡？······················113
3.宝宝接种疫苗后发热怎么办？·····················113
4.什么是预防接种不良反应？······················113
5.为什么会出现不良反应？·······················113
6.如何减少不良反应的发生？······················113
7.宝宝接种卡介苗后，接种部位皮肤出现红肿化脓怎么办？·········114
第三节 揭秘特殊情况宝宝的预防接种
1.早产宝宝可以接种乙肝疫苗和卡介苗吗？················114
2.有黄疸的宝宝可以接种疫苗吗？····················115
3.宝宝静脉注免疫球蛋白后可以接种疫苗吗？··············115
4.有湿疹的宝宝可以接种疫苗吗？····················115
5.宝宝发生巨细胞病毒感染可以接种疫苗吗？···············115

第十章 让宝宝远离危险
1.导致宝宝烫伤的原因有哪些？·····················117
2.如何防止宝宝烫伤？·························117
3.宝宝烫伤了怎么处理？························118
4.新生宝宝为什么会发生呛奶？ ·····················118
5.如何预防宝宝发生呛奶？·······················118
6.宝宝呛奶了怎么办？·························119
7.引起宝宝窒息的主要原因有哪些？···················119
8.如何预防宝宝发生窒息？·······················119
9.宝宝发生窒息时如何紧急处理？····················120
10.引起宝宝坠落的危险因素有哪些？··················120
11.如何预防宝宝坠落？························120
12.宝宝发生坠落如何处理？······················120
13.可以给宝宝戴手套吗？·······················120
14.如何预防宝宝发生绳索束带损伤？··················120
15.宝宝发生绳索束带损伤怎么办？···················121
16.给宝宝穿衣服越多越好吗？

罗煜，湖南省妇幼保健院健康教育科主任，主任护师，公共卫生硕士，中国妇幼保健协会产士分会委员、健康教育学组副主任委员，中国妇幼保健协会宣传工作委员会委员，中国妇女发展会“白衣天使”专家委员会委员，母乳喂养咨询师，儿童健康管理师，湖南省科普作家协会会员、护理专业委员会副主任委员、医卫专业委员会委员，湖南省预防医学会健康教育专业委员会委员，湖南省健康服务业协会母婴健康家庭服务分会常务副理事长，湖南省高级专业技术职务评审专家。从事临床护理管理和健康教育工作38年，主编图书6部、参编7部，先后主持和承担省级科研课题6项，发表医学30余篇，先后获得省科技厅及省护理学会、省科普作家协会等奖项10余项。
黄美华，湖南省妇幼保健院馨月母婴服务培训中心主任兼任儿童保健部护士长，主任护师，硕士，中国妇幼保健协会产后康复机构专业委员会理事，中国妇女发展会白衣天使讲师团讲师，儿童健康指导师，湖南省妇幼保健与优生优育协会届妇幼管理专业委员会委员，卫生系列高级评委库委员，湖南省新生儿专科护士培训班师资。从事护理管理和健康教育31年，参与编写《新生儿专科护士培训教材》，担任《妇科、产科护理工作标准流程图表》副主编。

妈妈篇章迎接新生命，你们准备好了吗26岁的“女神”小王终于和她心中的“白马王子”小张步入了神圣的婚姻殿堂。小两口度过了一段恩爱甜蜜的幸福时光。有，小张突然对小王说：“我俩要个孩子吧？”小王点头：“可以啊，我们年纪也不小了。”“那还等什么？”小王大笑起来，对老公道：“生孩子哪有那么容易呀，得先准备准备，我们就从做孕前优生健康检查开始吧！”孕育健新命是每个家庭的梦想，充分的孕前准备、规范的产前检、合的孕期保健等对保障妈妈和胎儿的健康与安全是必不可少的。亲爱的朋友，让我们跟随小王一家开始健康孕育之旅，你准备好了？1.为什么要做孕前优生健康检查？
孕前优生健康检查,是医生从环境、心理、生物学的角度，对计划怀孕夫妇在怀孕前3～6个月，进行健康状况、家庭史、生活方式和行为等各方面的综合评估。通过孕前优生健康检查，可以及早识别夫妇自身和周围环境中存在的可导致流产、早产、死产、低出生体重儿、出生缺陷等不良妊娠结局的风险因素，提供个化的咨询和健康指导服务，为宝宝提供一个的发育环境。计划怀孕夫妇有知情选择的权力。
2.孕前优生检查包括哪些项目？
提供免费孕前优生检查主要包括健康教育、病史询问、体格检查、实验室检查、影像学检查、风险评估和咨询指导等。医生会根据双方的情况提供个体化的咨询和建议。
3.做孕前优生健康检查有哪些注意事项？
（1）抽血前禁烟、酒、茶、咖啡，限高脂、高蛋白饮食，避免剧烈运动。
（2）抽血前晚上10点以后，请禁食（包括牛奶、饮料）。
（3）女士月经期，不宜做妇科检查及尿检。
（4）白带常规检查，需取材前24小时内避免、灌洗和局部上药等。
4.为什么孕前就要开始补充叶酸？
如果孕妇体内叶酸缺乏，可使胎儿发生神经管畸形（如无脑儿、脊柱裂等）的风险增加。孕前3个月至孕后3个月补充小剂量叶酸可以有效预防神经管畸形的发生。怀孕期间孕妇对叶酸的需求量比正常人大，正常的膳食一般难以满足孕妇的需要，必须进行额外的叶酸补充。建议在多吃富含叶酸的食物的同时，每天口服0.4mg的叶酸片或含0.4mg叶酸的复合维生素。
5.孕期为什么要做超声检查？
由于超声检查对孕妇及胎儿均无明显损害，方法简便，诊断迅速，成为出生缺陷筛查中的重要检查项目，超声可以检出绝大多数的胎儿先天畸形。利用超声，早期可发现胚胎停止发育、葡萄胎、异位妊娠等异常。
孕11～13+6周做超声检查，通过测量胎儿头臀长（CRL）以核对孕周，测量胎儿颈部透明度厚度（NT）判断胎儿存在严重的染色体异常或先天心脏病（简称“先心病”）的风险。
孕20～24周进行系统胎儿超声检查以发现有无畸形，如肢体缺如、先心病等。为什么选择这个时间？因为如果检查时间过早，胎儿太小，有些器官发育尚未完善；过晚，相对羊水量减少，胎儿活动度小，胎位及胎儿骨骼声影均给超声检查带来困难，不易发现畸形。
孕30～32周进行超声检查了解有无胎儿宫内发育迟缓。
7.什么是唐氏筛查？
唐氏筛查用于预测发生唐氏综合征的风险。唐氏综合征又名21-三体综合征，是人类早被确定的染色体疾病，俗称先天愚型。由于唐氏综合征目前没有有效的治疗方法，给家庭和社会造成了极大的精神和经济损害。
唐氏筛查有两种方法,一是血清生化筛查，孕9～13周进行孕早期筛查，孕15～20周进行孕中期筛查；二是孕12～26周孕妇外周血胎儿游离DNA检测。筛查结果高风险，表示胎儿发生该种先天异常的可能较大，需要进一步检查。
8.什么是无创产前基因检测？
无创产前基因检测是通过采集孕妇的外周血，提取胎儿游离DNA，采用新一代高通量测序技术，结合生物信息分析，得出胎儿患染色体非整倍体（21-三体，18-三体，13-三体）的风险。具有无创取样、无流产风险、灵敏度高、准确、阳率低的特点。对于唐氏综合征的检出率可达99%以上，而阳率低于1%。
10.什么是产前诊断？
产前诊断是指对胎儿严重或致死先天缺陷和遗传疾病进行的诊断，包括相应的筛查。孕妇有下列情形之一的，需要进行产前诊断：（1）羊水过多或者过少。
（2）胎儿发育异常或者胎儿有可疑畸形的。
（3）孕早期时接触过可能导致胎儿先天缺陷物质的。
（4）有遗传病家族史或者曾经分娩过先天严重缺陷宝宝的。
（5）曾经有2次以上不明原因的流产、死胎或新生儿死亡的。
（6）年龄超过35周岁的。
（7）筛查结果异常的。