Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Language
1.1.1 What is language?
1.1.2 Design features o anuage
1.1.3 The functions o anuage
1.2 Linguistics
1.2.1 Definition o inuistics
1.2.2 Short history of modem linguistics
1.. Main branches o inuistics
1.2.4 Why should we study linguistics?
1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics
1.3.1 Descriptive approach vs. prescriptive approach
1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic
1.3.3 Langue vs. parole
1.3.4 Comece vs. performance
1.3.5 Linguistic potential vs. linguistic behavior
Exercises
References
Chapter 2 Schools of Modern Linguistics and Modern Linquists
2.1 Historical linguistics
2.2 Structuralism
2.2.1 F. de Saussures Theories
2.2.2 Halliday and Systemic Functional Grammar
. Generativism
..1 Generative linguistics
..2 Chomskys theory
2.4 Other linguistic theories in late half of the 20th century
Exercises
References
Chapter 3 Speech Sounds
3.1 Basic concepts and definitions
3.1.1 Speech organs
3.1.2 Phonetics vs. phonology
3.2 IPA
3.3 Segment
3.3.1 Phone, phoneme and allophone
3.3.2 Consonants
3.3.3 Vowels
3.4 Phonology
3.4.1 Coarticulation and phonetic transcriptions
3.4.2 Phonological process and phonological rules
3.4.3 Suprasegmental features
Exercises
References
Chapter 4 Morphology
4.1 What is morphology?
4.2 Word, lexeme, lexicon and vocabulary
4.2.1 "Three senses of "Word"
4.2.2 Classification of "Word"
4.. Internal structure of "Word"
4.3 Inflection and word formation
4.3.1 Inflection
4.3.2 Word formation
4.4 Semantic change
4.5 Orthographic change
Exercises
References
Chapter 5 Syntax
5.1 What is syntax ?
5.2 The traditional approach
5.2.1 Number
5.2.2 Gender
5.. Case
5.2.4 Countability
5.2.5 Tense and aspect
5.2.6 Voice
5.2.7 Mood
5.2.8 Person
5.2.9 Concord and government
5.3 The structural approach
5.3.1 Syntagmatic relation
5.3.2 Paradigmatic relation
5.3.3 Relation of co-occurrence
5.3.4 Immediate constituent analysis
5.3.5 Endocentric construction and exocentric construction
5.4 The generative grammar
5.4.1 Classical theory
5.4.2 The standard theory
5.4.3 The summary of TG grammar
Exercises
References
Chapter 6 Semantics
6.1 What is semantics?
6.2 Approaches to meaning
6.2.1 The Referential Theory
6.2.2 The semantic triangle theory
6.3 Word meaning
6.3.l Sense and reference
6.3.2 Types of meanings
6.3.3 Semantic relations between words
6.3.4 Componential analysis
6.4 Sentence meaning
6.4.1 An integrated theory
6.4.2 Semantic relations between sentences
Exercises
References
Chapter 7 Pragmatics
7.1 Some basic notions
7.1.1 What is pragmatics?
7.1.2 Pragmatics and semantics
7.1.3 Context
7.1.4 Sentence meaning and utterance meaning
7.2 Speech act theory
7.2.1 Performatives and constatives
7.2.2 A theory of the illocutionary act
7.. Indirect speech act
7.3 The theory of conversational implicature
7.3.1 The cooperative principle and its maxims
7.3.2 Violation of the maxims
7.4 The politeness principle and irony
7.5 Neo-Gricean conversationalimplicature theory
7.5.1 Relevance theory
7.5.2 The - and R-principles
7.5.3 The -, I- and M-principles
Exercises
References
Chapter 8 Psycholinguistics
8.1 Language acquisition
8.1.1 First language acquisition
8.1.2 Second language acquisition
8.2 Language comprehension
8.2.1 Sound comprehension
8.2.2 Word comprehension
8.. Sentence comprehension
8.2.4 Text comprehension
8.3 Language production
8.3.1 Articulation stage
8.3.2 Self-monitoring stage
Exercises
References
Chapter 9 Language, Culture and Society
9.1 Language and culture
9.1.1 What is culture?
9.1.2 The relationship between language and culture
9.1.3 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
9.1.4 Linguistic evidence of cultural differences
9.1.5 Intercultural communication
9.2 Language and society
9.2.1 The relationship between language and society
9.2.2 What is sociolinguistics?
9.. Varieties of English
Exercises
References
Chapter 10 Applied Linguistics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Theories of foreign language teaching
10.2.1 The grammar-translation method
10.2.2 The direct method
10.. The audiolingual method
10.2.4 Cognitive approach
10.2.5 Communicative language teaching
10.3 Syllabus design
10.3.1 Curriculum and syllabus
10.3.2 Types of syllabus
10.3.3 Rules for syllabus design
10.4 Contrastive analysis and error analysis
10.5 Testing
10.5.1 Types o anuage tests
10.5.2 lities of good language tests
Exercises
References
Glossary and Index
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