Foreword 1 i
Foreword 2 iii
Preface v
Chapter 1 Status o nd Research of CBM Exploration and Development 1
1.1 CBM Development Status o in Some Countries 1
1.1.1 CBM industry develomn i the United States 1
1.1.2 CBM industry develomn i other countries 3
1.2 CBM Industry Development Course in China—Theory and Technology Status 5
1.2.1 Development course 5
1.2.2 Progress in basic research 6
1.. Status and progress of CBM exploration and development technology in China 9
1.3 Key Scientific and Technological Challenges in CBM Exploration and Develomn i China 11
References 12
Chapter 2 Genesis and Criteria of CBM 14
2.1 Geochemical Characteristics of CBM and Its Difference from Natural Gas 14
2.1.1 Sample testing methd 4
2.1.2 Coition and basic characteristics 14
2.1.3 Coition and distribution of isotope 15
2.1.4 Difference and specificity of isotope coition 16
2.2 Control Factors on Carbon Isotope Indicatr 7
2.2.1 Desorption and fractionation of methane carbon isotope 17
2.2.2 Impact of secondary biogenic gas on methane carbon isotope coition 19
2.. Impact of microscopic coition of coal rock on methane carbon isotope coition 20
. Genetic Classification and Geochemical Tracer System 20
..1 Primary biogenic CBM 21
..2 Thermally degraded CBM 22
.. Thermally cracked CBM 24
..4 Secondary biogenic CBM 26
..5 Mixed CBM 28
.. Tracer indicator system 32
2.4 Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Secondary Biogenic CBM 33
2.4.1 Characteristics 33
2.4.2 Organic geochemistry and microbial degradation 33
References 46
Chapter 3 Characterization and Controlling Factors of CBM Reservoirs 49
3.1 CBM Reservoir Space 49
3.1.1 Pore system 49
3.1.2 Fracture system 55
3.2 Characterization and Mathematical Model of Favorable Coal Reservoirs 60
3.2.1 Pore system model 60
3.2.2 Heterogeneous models of CBM reservoir 69
3.3 Forming Mechanism and Controlling Factors of Favorable Coal Reservoirs 73
3.3.1 Coal diagenesis 73
3.3.2 Changes in porosity and permeability during coaiction 81
3.3.3 Structural stress and strain response 84
3.3.4 Control of basin evolution on coal reservoir physical properties 92
References 95
Chapter 4 Coal Absorption Characteristics and Model under Reservoir Conditions 97
4.1 Experimental Study on Methane Absorption Characteristics under the Combined Influences of Temperature and Pressure 98
4.1.1 Isothermal absorption experiment 98
4.1.2 Temperature-variable and pressure-variable absorption experiment 99
4.2 Absorption Characteristics of Coal under Formation Conditions 101
4.2.1 Effect of temperature on coal absorption capacity 101
4.2.2 Effects of temperature and pressure on coal absorption capacity 102
4.. Change mechanism of adsorption capacity under reservoir conditions 106
4.3 Adsorption Model under Reservoir Conditions 107
4.3.1 Characteristic curve of methane adsorption 107
4.3.2 High-pressure isothermal adsorption curve and its correction to k value 108
4.3.3 Absorption model 111
4.4 Verification and Application of Models 112
4.4.1 Verified models by isothermal adsorption experiments 112
4.4.2 Temperature- and pressure-variable experiment resulsndmdels 114
4.4.3 Coal adsorption capacity in inshui Basin 116
4.4.4 Scientific and applied values 119
References 120
Chapter 5 Dynamic Conditions and Accumulation/Diffusion Mechanism of CBM 121
5.1 Structural Dynamics for CBM Accumulation 121
5.1.1 Structural evolution laid the foundation for CBM accumulation 121
5.1.2 Structural differentiation causes complicated dynamic conditions 125
5.1.3 Transformation from tectonic dynamics on coal seams controls permeable CBM zones 126
5.1.4 Combined structural dynamic conditions control the basic pattern of CBM accumulation and distribution 129
5.2 Thermal Dynamic Conditions and Accumulation/Diffusion History of CBM 129
5.2.1 Thermal history of Carboniferous-Permian coal seams 129
5.2.2 Middle Yanshanian tectonic thermal event and its thermodynamic source 132
5.. Numerical simulation of CBM accumulation/diffusion history 134
5.2.4 Control of thermodynamic conditions on CBM accumulation 141
5.3 Control and Mechanism of Underground Hydrodynamic System on CBM Accumulation and Diffusion 141
5.3.1 Hydrogeological unit boundary and its internal structural differences and characteristics of CBM accumulation and diffusion 141
5.3.2 Underground hydrodynamics zoning and CBM-bearing characteristics 145
5.3.3 Groundwater geochemical field and CBM preservation conditions 148
5.3.4 Groundwater head height and gas-bearing properties 150
5.3.5 Control effect of groundwater dynamic conditions and its manifestation 153
5.3.6 Relationship between hydrodynamic conditions and CBM enrichment 155
5.4 Coupling Controls of Dynamic Conditions on CBM Reservoirs 158
5.4.1 Geological dynamic conditions 158
5.4.2 Representational dynamic conditions 159
5.4.3 Energy dynamic balance system and its geological evolution process 162
5.4.4 CBM accumulation effecndmdel 168
References 183
Chapter 6 Formation and Distribution of CBM Reservoirs 184
6.1 Meaning and Types of CBM Reservoir 184
6.1.1 Meaning of CBM Reservoir 184
6.1.2 Differences between CBM reservoirs and conventional natural gas reservoirs 184
6.1.3 Boundary and types of CBM reservoir 185
6.1.4 Types of CBM reservoir 189
6.2 Accumulation Process and Accumulation Mechanism of Medium- to High- Ranked CBM
Reservoir 191
6.2.1 Theoretical basis of CBM accumulation 191
6.2.2 Analysis of reservoir forming mechanism of typical CBM reservoirs 196
6.. Geological models of CBM reservoirs 216
6.3 Mechanism and Favorable Conditions of CBM Accumulation 219
6.3.1 Comparison of CBM source conditions 219
6.3.2 Comparison of CBM reservoir conditions 222
6.3.3 Features of CBM occurrence comparison 225
6.3.4 Reservoir forming process 228
6.3.5 Hydrogeological conditions 0
6.4 Controlling Factors and Distribution Rules of CBM Enrichment
6.4.1 Structural control and key period
6.4.2 Control of effective overburden and coal seam roof/floor on CBM accumulation 240
6.4.3 Theory of CBM enrichment in synclines 244
References 246
Chapter 7 Evaluation and Prediction of Technically Recoverable CBM Resources 249
7.1 Classification System 249
7.2 Prediction Methods of CBM GTR 251
7.2.1 Controlling factors on CBM recoverability 251
7.2.2 Determination methods for important CBM parameters 254
7.. Preditig ethods of CBM GTR 266
7.3 Potential Analysis of CBM GTR in China 270
7.3.1 Division of CBM enrichment units 271
7.3.2 Predicted CBM GTR in China 280
7.3.3 Distribution of CBM GTR in China 288
References 290
Chapter 8 Seismic Prediction Technology of Favorable CBM Zones 292
8.1 Primary Geological Attributes of CBM Occurrence and Prediction 292
8.1.1 Seismic survey to coal seam depth 292
8.1.2 Coal seam thickness from seismic inversion 292
8.1.3 Roof lithology from seismic inversion 294
8.1.4 Seismic waveform classification for predicting CBM content 299
8.2 Multiwave Seismic Responses and Prediction of Fractures in Coal Seams 301
8.2.1 Multiwave seismic responses of vertical fractures 301
8.2.2 Detection of vertical fractures by multiwave seismic data 303
8.3 O Inversion and Prediction of CBM Enrichment Zones 315
8.3.1 Basic dynamics of O theory 315
8.3.2 The basis of using O to detect CBM 316
8.3.3 O responses of controlling geological parameters on CBM enrichment 316
8.3.4 O responses of CBM enrichment zones 318
8.3.5 Three-parameter O method for CBM zones 320
8.3.6 Three-parameter O prediction of CBM enrichment zones 322
References 324
Chapter 9 Comprehensive Evaluation of Geological Conditions for Coalbed Methane Development 325
9.1 Favorable Zones for Coalbed Methane Develomn i China 325
9.1.1 Overview of coalbed methane resources in China 325
9.1.2 Comprehensive evaluation and optimum selection of favorable areas for CBM development 329
9.2 Evaluation and Optimization of CBM Enrichment Zone (Target Area) in Key Basins 331
9.2.1 Evaluation methods, parameter and criteria 331
9.2.2 Evaluation of CBM enrichment zones (target) in key coal basins 348
References 354
Chapter 10 Desorption-Seepage Mechanism and Development Schemes 356
10.1 Elastic Mechanics of Coal Rock in Multiphase Medium 356
10.1.1 Triaxial mechanica xermet 356
10.1.2 Experimental principle 357
10.1.3 Triaxial mechanical characteristics 358
10.1.4 Volume compressibility and bulk modulus 360
10.2 Permeability Change of Coal Reservoir While Mining 362
10.2.1 Permeability experiment 362
10.2.2 Self-regulating effect model 367
10.3 Desorption-seepage Mechanism of CBM in Production Process 369
10.3.1 Characteristics of CBM production 369
10.3.2 Kinetic characteristics and desorption behavior of CBM desorption 370
10.3.3 CBM seepage mechanism 376
10.4 Optimal CBM Reservoir Development Schemes 380
10.4.1 CBM production performance 380
10.4.2 Comparison of development schemes 384
References 385
Chapter 11 Stimulation Mechanism and Application 386
11.1 Hydraulic Fracturing Stimulation 386
11.1.1 Experimental study 386
11.1.2 Characteristics of induced fractures 400
11.1.3 Fracture distribution model 405
11.1.4 Hydrauc rcturing measures and technology 415
11.2 Stimulation Mechanism of Multi-branch Horizontal Wells 417
11.2.1 Mathematical and numerical models 417
11.2.2 Stimulation mechanism of multi-branch horizontal CBM wells 430
11.. Application conditions and economic analysis 436
11.3 Application Cases 437
11.3.1 Fracturing oraio and effect 437
11.3.2 Application of multi-branch horizontal wells and result analysis 442
References 443
Conclusions 444
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