音像神经病学:留学生与双语教学用杨丽主编

Contents
目.录
SectionⅠ　Initial Clinical Evaluation
Chapter1 Clinical Neurologic Evaluation.2
CRANIAL NERVES: AN INTRODUCTIN 3
CRANIAL NERVE TESTING.4
HORNER SYNDRME7
CEREBELLAR DYSFUNCTION12
GAIT EVALUATIN12
ABNORMAL DENTITIOUS MOVEMENTS14
MUSCLE STRENGTH EVALUATIN15
MOTOR TONE .18
MUSCLE STRETCH REFLEXES, CLONUS, AND THE BABINSKI SIGN19
SENSORY EXAMINATIN 20
SPINAL CORD SYNDROMES.21
THALAMIC INVOLVEMENT.22
CORTICAL SENSORY INVOLVEMENT.


SectionⅡ　Headache and Facial Pain
Chapter2 Primary and Secondary Headache26
PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS .26
MIGRAINE26
CLUSTER HEADACHE30
OTHER TRIGEMINAL AUTONOMIC CEPHALGIAS.32
TENSION-TYPE HEADACHE.32
CHRONC AILY HEADACHES. 33
SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS 34
PRIMARY HEADACHE SYNDROMES WITH DEFNE TRIGGERS . 34
SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS . 34
GIANT CELL (TEMPORAL) ARTERITIS. 35
BRAIN HEMORRHAGE, INFECTIONS, AND TUMRS36
IOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSIN36
LOW CSF PRESSURE HEADACHE .38


CRANIAL NEURALGIAS 39
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA.41
INFECTIOUS MECHANISMS.41
CONTIGUOUS STRUCTURE HEADACHES42


SectionⅢ　Epilepsy
Chapter3 Epilepsy .46
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS? 47
PARTIAL SEIZURES .48
GENERALZE SEIZURES51
EPILEPTIC SYNDROMES? 53
STATUS EPILEPTICUS . 53
ANTIEPILEPTIC THERAPY 55
SURGICAL TREATMENTS FOR EPILEPSY58
FUTURE DIRECTINS61


SectionⅣ　Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders
Chapter4　Delirium and Acute Encephalopathies.64
DEFINITIN65
EPEMIOLOGY65
DIAGNOSIS 66
NEUROANATOMIC CONSERATIONS67
NEUROCHEMICAL FOUNDATINS67
EVALUATION67
TREATMENT68
SUMMARY69

Chapter5　?? ?Dementia:Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer Disease, Lewy Body Dementia,
Frontotemporal Lobar Dementia, Vascular Dementia.71
MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.71
DEMENTIA.72
ALZHEIMER DISEASE. 73
TREATMENT84
DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES.87
FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEMENTIA91
VASCULAR COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT.94

Chapter6　Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (CreutzfeldtJakob Disease)99
EPEMIOLOGY99
PATHOGENESIS100
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN100
DIAGNOSIS 101
TREATMENT102


SectionⅤ　GaindMvement Disorders

Chapter7 Gait Disorders .104
ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLGY104
ETIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATIN104
CORTICAL GAT ISORDERS .106
SUBCORTICAL GAT ISORDERS108
PERIPHERAL GAT ISORDERS.110

Chapter8　Parkinson Disease.112
ETIOLOGY 114
GENES FOR PARKINSON DISEASE .115
PATHOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY115
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN116
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES.118
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIN121
TREATMENT121

Chapter9 Atypical ParkinsonianSynoes.125
PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY126
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 127
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN128
DIAGNOSIS 128
TREATMENT128
CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATIN129
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 129
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN129
DIAGNOSIS 130
TREATMENT130
FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA PARKINSONISM–CHROMOSOME 17130
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATIN130
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT131
MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY131
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 132
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN132
DIAGNOSIS 132
TREATMENT133

Chapter10 Chorea .134
ETIOLOGY 134
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 135
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN135
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES.138
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIN138
TREATMENT139


FUTURE DIRECTINS139

Chapter11　Wilson Disease.141
HISTORY .141
GENETICS.141
HEPATIC COPPER METABOLISM142
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN142
DIAGNOSIS 144
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS.145

Chapter12　Dystonia.147
CLASSIFICATION OF DYSTONIA.148
PRIMARY DYSTONIA148
SECONDARY DYSTONIA .149
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 151
TREATMENT151


SectionⅥ Spinal Cord Disorders
Chapter 13 Anatomic Aspects of Spinal Cord Disorders .154
ANATOMIC CORRELATINS154
PATHOANATMY161
INTRA-AXIAL SPINAL CORD PATHOLOGIES .163

Chapter 14 Spinal Cord Myelopathies.166
ACUTE MYELOPATHIES 166
ACUTE EXTRADURAL SPINAL LESINS166
ACUTE INTRADURAL INTRAMEDULLARY SPINAL LESINS168
CHRONIC MYELOPATHIES173
EXTRADURAL MYELOPATHIES173
INTRADURAL INTRAMEDULLARY SPINAL CORD LESIONS .178


SectionⅦ Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelination Disorders
Chapter 15 Multiple Sclerosis 188
GENETIC FACTORS .188
PATHOLOGY .189
CLINICAL SUBTYPES 190
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 192
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.196
MANAGEMENT AND THERAPY .201
RELATED MS MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS.202
PROGNOSIS204

Chapter 16 Other Autoimmune CNS Demyelinating Disorders205
NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA/DEVC ISEASE205
DIAGNOSIS 205


PROGNOSIS206
TREATMENT206
ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS.207
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN207
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.207
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 208
THERAPY AND PROGNOSIS.208
ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY.208
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN208
DIAGNOSIS 208
PATHOLOGY .208
TREATMENT208


SectionⅧ Infectious Disease
Chapter 17 Bacterial Diseases212

COMMON SYNDROMES 212

BACTERIAL MENINGITIS 212

PARAMENINGEAL INFECTINS217

SPECIFIC PATHOGENS .217
LYME DISEASE (BORRELIA BURGDORFERI)217
TUBERCULOSIS: BRAIN AND SPINE (MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS).220
NEUROSYPHILIS (TREPONEMA PALLUM)221

Chapter 18 Viral Diseases225
HERPES SIMPLEX ENCEPHALITIS 225
ETIOLOGY 225
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN225
DIAGNOSIS 226
THERAPY227
PROGNOSIS227
EASTERN EUINE ENCEPHALITIS 228
EPEMIOLOGY228
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND TREATMENT 228
DIAGNOSIS 228
THERAPY/PROGNOSIS228
WESTNILE VIRUS.229
ETIOLOGY/EPEMIOLOGY229
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN229
DIAGNOSIS 229
THERAPY229
HUMANIMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)229
PRIMARY NEUROLOGIC HIV INFECTION (PNHI)0
HV EMENTIA 1


HIV PRIMARY CNS ANGIITIS.1
HIV MYELOPATHY1
HIV PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY .1
HIV MYOPATHY.2
SHINGLES (HERPES ZOSTER)2
ETIOLOGY AND EPEMIOLOGY .2
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN2
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
RABIES.4
ETIOLOGY 4
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN4
DIAGNOSIS 4
THERAPY5
POLIOMYELITIS5
EPEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY .5
PATHOGENESIS5
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN
POSTPOLIO SYNDROME
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.
PROGNOSIS


SectionⅨ Neuro-Oncology
Chapter 19 Brain Tumors242
MALIGNANT BRAIN TUMORS .243
GLIOMAS243
GLIOBLASTOMA 244
LOW-GRADE GLIOMA245
ANAPLASTIC GLIMA247
PRIMARY CNS LYMPHOMA .247
OTHER PRIMARY BRAIN TUMRS248
METASTATIC BRAIN TUMRS250
BENIGN BRAIN TUMRS251
MENINGIOMAS251
PITUITARY ADENOMA 253
CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA 254
ACOUSTIC NEUROMAS/ VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA255
OTHER BENIGN INTRACRANIAL TUMRS257
FUTURE DIRECTINS258

Chapter 20 Spinal Cord Tumors .260
EXTRADURAL SPINAL TUMORS .261
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN261


DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.261
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS.262
INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY TUMORS 263
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN264
TREATMENT264
INTRADURAL INTRA-AXIAL TUMORS264
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN264
TREATMENT265
FUTURE DIRECTINS265


SectionⅩ Cerebrovascular Diseases
Chapter 21 Anatomic Aspects of Cerebral Circulation 268
THE CAROT ARTERY SYSTEM .268
VERTEBROBASILAR ARTERIES269
CEREBRAL SINUSES AND VEINS.272

Chapter 22 Ischemic Stroke273
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY273
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN277
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.286
TREATMENT289
FUTURE DIRECTINS293

Chapter Cerebral Venous Thrombosis295
ANATOMY .295
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN299
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.300
TREATMENT301
PROGNOSIS AND LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS301

Chapter24 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.303
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN305
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 307
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.307
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 308
MANAGEMENT310

Chapter25 Intracerebral Hemorrhage314
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSISVE PRIMARY ICH314
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN315
SECONDARY INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE319
MANAGEMENT AND PROGNOSIS .3
SUMMARY324

SectionⅪ　Trauma
Chapter26 Trauma to the Brain 328

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HEAD INJURY CARE328


SKULL FRACTURES .329
EXTRA-AXIAL TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES.329
INTRA-AXIAL TRAUMATIC INJURIES .332
POSTERIOR FOSSA LESINS333
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN MILITARY COMBAT SETTINGS.334
OVERALL TREATMENT PROTOCOLS 334
LONG-TERM PROGNOSIS OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY 335


SectionⅫ　Motor Neuron Disorders
Chapter27 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis .338
ETIOLOGY, GENETICS, AND PATHOGENESIS 338
CLINICAL PRESENTATINS339
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 343
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.344
MANAGEMENT AND THERAPY .346
FUTURE DIRECTINS348

Chapter28 Other Motor Neuron Diseases and Motor Neuropathies349
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN349
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 356
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.357
MANAGEMENT AND THERAPY .358
FUTURE DIRECTINS358


Section Ⅻ
　Neuromuscular Hyperactivity Disorders
Chapter29 Stiff Person Synoe 362
ETIOLOGY 363
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN363
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 364
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.364
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS.365


Section
　Polyneuropathies
Chapter30 Hereditary Polyneuropathies368
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS .370
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN370
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 371
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.371
CLASSIFICATION OF CMT.372
MANAGEMENT AND THERAPY .374
FUTURE DIRECTINS374

Chapter31 Acquired Polyneuropathies .376

DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.376


IOPATHIC LENGTH-DEPENDENT POLYNEUROPATHIES 381
TREATMENT384
GUILLAIN–BARRé SYNDROME .384
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF DEMYELINATING POLYNEUROPATHIES.387
AP AND CP VARIANTS389
TREATMENT390
SENSORY NEURONOPATHIES390
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS.393


Section
　Neuromuscular Transmission Disorders
Chapter32 Myasthenia Gravis.396
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS .397
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN399
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 399
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.400
MANAGEMENT AND PROGNOSIS .400

Chapter33 Other Neuromuscular Transmission Disorders.403
LAMBERT–EATON MYASTHENIC SYNDROME .403
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY404
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN405
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.405
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 407
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS.407


Section
　Myopathies
Chapter34 Hereditary Myopathies.410
CHANNELOPATHIES 412
PEROIC PARALYSIS AND CONGENITAL MYOTONC ISORDERS412
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN413
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 414
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.414
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS.415
GLYCOGEN AND LPI STORAGE DISORDERS.415
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 417
GENETICS.418
CLINICAL PRESENTATIN418
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.418
IOPATHIC HYPERCKEMIA419
MUSCLE BIOPSY.419
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS.420
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES 420
MYOTONIC MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, TYPE 1 (DM1).421


PROXIMAL MYOTONIC MYOPATHY (DM2) 422
LIMB-GRLE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES422
DYSTROPHINOPATHIES422
FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY 425
EMERY–DREIFUSS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY425
BETHLEM MYOPATHY.426
OCULOPHARYNGEAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY426
MYOFIBRILLAR (DESMIN) MYOPATHY 426
CONGENITAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES 426
DISTAL MYOPATHIES OR MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES.426
CONGENITAL MYOPATHIES427
HEREDITARY INCLUSION BODY MYOPATHY428
TREATMENT428
PROGNOSIS428

Chapter35 Acquired Myopathies 430

CLASSIFICATIN430

DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH.431
LABORATORY EVALUATIN431
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY433
IMAGING STUDIES 433
MUSCLE BIOPSY.434

SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHC ISORDERS .436
POLYMYOSITIS .436
DERMATOMYOSITIS .436
TREATMENT OF POLYMYOSITIS AND DERMATOMYOSITIS437
INCLUSION BODY MYOSITIS437

OTHER ACURE MYOPATHIES438
TOXIC MYOPATHIES.438
CRITICAL ILLNESS MYOPATHY439
ENDOCRINE MYOPATHIES 439
INFECTIOUS MYOPATHIES.441
PARANEOPLASTIC NECROTIZING MYOPATHY441

TREATMENT OF MYOPATHIES442
PROGNOSIS442

Neurological diseases are some of the most frequently encountered diseases in medicine. Neurology has always been independently and widely learned by medical students across the globe. In recent years, an increasing number of foreign students have arrived in China and enrolled in the Bachelor of Medicine programs. Unfortunately, it is often difficult for medical students to learn the complexities of neurologic anatomy and physiology. Thus, it is imperative and highly beneficial to tailor an English text book of Neurology for an undergraduate program that is designed for international students. Recently, supported and organized by Tsinghua University Press and Tianjin Medical University, many Neurology experts and scholars have made contributions to this textbook, which is based entirely on the structure and profile of ？°Netter？ˉs Neurology,？± written by Professor H. Royden Jones, Jr., M.D., et al. an pbshed by Elsevier Saunders. The contents of ？°Netter？ˉs Neurology？± are presented using d pictures that enable us to better understand the details of neurological

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Neurological diseases are some of the most frequently encountered diseases in medicine. Neurology has always been independently and widely learned by medical students across the globe. In recent years, an increasing number of foreign students have arrived in China and enrolled in the Bachelor of Medicine programs. Unfortunately, it is often difficult for medical students to learn the complexities of neurologic anatomy and physiology. Thus, it is imperative and highly beneficial to tailor an English text book of Neurology for an undergraduate program that is designed for international students. Recently, supported and organized by Tsinghua University Press and Tianjin Medical University, many Neurology experts and scholars have made contributions to this textbook, which is based entirely on the structure and profile of ?°Netter?ˉs Neurology,?± written by Professor H. Royden Jones, Jr., M.D., et al. an pbshed by Elsevier Saunders. The contents of ?°Netter?ˉs Neurology?± are presented using d pictures that enable us to better understand the details of neurological