正版新书]思考的艺术 第11版·英文版(美)文森特·赖安·拉吉罗 著9

PART I Be Aware

CHAPTER 1 Developing Your Thinking: An Overview 3

What Is Thinking? 4

The Importance of Thinking 6

Brain and Mind at Work 8

The Production Phase 9

The Judgment Phase 10

Good Thinking Is a Habit 10

The Structure of This Book 11

Getting the Most from Your Efforts 12

Using Feelings to Advantage 14

Learning to Concentrate 15

Coping with Frustration 16

Making Discussion Meaningful 16

Whenever Possible, Prepare in Advance 17

Set Reasonable Expectations 17

Leave Egotism and Personal Agendas at the Door 18

Contribute but Don’t Dominate 18

Avoid Distracting Speech Mannerisms 18

Listen Actively 19

Judge Ideas Responsibly 19

Resist the Urge to Shout or Interrupt 20

Preliminary Thinking Strategies 20

Sample Exercises and Responses 23

Warm-Up Exercises 25

Applications 26

CHAPTER 2 Establish a Foundation 31

Free Will Versus Determinism 32

What Is Truth? 33

What Is Knowing? 36

Ways of Knowing 37

Experience 38

Observation 39

Report 39

The Problem of Remembering 41

What Are Opinions? 43

Expressions of Taste 43

Expressions of Judgment 43

Understanding Cause and Effect 44

Debating Moral Questions 51

The Basis of Moral Judgment 53

Dealing with Dilemmas 57

A Spe Thinking Strategy 58

Warm-Up Exercises 60

Applications 60

CHAPTER 3 Broaden Your Perspective 66

Becoming an Individual 69

Habits that Hinder Thinking 72

The Mine-Is-Better Habit 72

Face Saving 73

Resistance to Change 75

Conformity 77

Stereotyping 79

Self-Deception 80

Overcoming Bad Habits 82

Warm-Up Exercises 84

Applications 84

CHAPTER 4 Be a Critical Reader, Listener, and Viewer 88

Critical Evaluation Defined 89

Making Important Distinctions 91

The Distinction between the Person and the Idea 91

The Distinction between Matters of Taste and Matters of Judgment 92

The Distinction between Fact and Interpretation 92

The Distinction between Literal and Ironic Statements 94

The Distinction between an Idea’s Validity and the Quality of Its Expression 94

The Distinction between Language and Reality 95

A Strategy for Critical Reading 97

Step 1: Skim the Work 97

Step 2: Reflect on Your Views 98

Step 3: Read the Work 98

Step 4: Evaluate What You Read 99

Step 5: Express Your Judgment 102

A Sample Evaluation and Judgment 103

A Strategy for Critical Listening 106

Step 1: Set Aside Preconceptions 107

Step 2: Focus on the Message 107

Step 3: Identify Key Assertions and Supporting Information 108

Steps 4 and 5: Evaluate the Message and Express Your Judgment 108

A Strategy for Critical Viewing 108

How Critical Analysis Relates to Writing 111

Warm-Up Exercises 111

Applications 112

PART II Be Creative

CHAPTER 5 The Creative Process 125

Key Facts about Creativity 126

“Doing Your Own Thing” Is Not Necessarily a Mark of Creativity 127

Creativity Does Not Require Spe Intellectual Talent or a High IQ 127

The Use of Drugs Hinders Creativity 127

Creativity Is an Expression of Mental Health 128

Characteristics of Creative People 129

Creative People Are Dynamic 129

Creative People Are Daring 130

Creative People Are Resourceful 130

Creative People Are Hardworking 131

Creative People Are Independent 131

Applying Creativity to Problems and Issues 132

Taking a Novel Approach 133

Devising or Modifying a Process or System 134

Inventing a New Product or Service 134

Finding New Uses for Existing Things 135

Improving Things 136

Inventing or Redefining a Concept 136

Stages in the Creative Process 137

The First Stage: Searching for Challenges 138

The Second Stage: Expressing the Problem or Issue 138

The Third Stage: Investigating the Problem or Issue 139

The Fourth Stage: Producing Ideas 139

Warm-Up Exercises 140

Applications 141

CHAPTER 6 Search for Challenges 144

The Importance of Curiosity 145

How Curiosity Is Lost 146

Regaining Your Curiosity 147

Six Helpful Techniques 148

Be Observant 149

Look for the Imperfections in Things 151

Note Your Own and Others’ Dissatisfactions 152

Search for Causes 152

Be Sensitive to Implications 153

Recognize the Opportunity in Controversy 155

Warm-Up Exercises 156

Applications 156

CHAPTER 7 Express the Problem or Issue 161

Distinguishing Problems from Issues 162

Expressing Problems 163

Expressing Issues 164

When Problems Become Issues 165

Guidelines for Expressing Problems and Issues 166

Benefits of Careful Expression 167

It Helps You Move Beyond the Familiar and Habitual 167

It Keeps Your Thinking Flexible 167

It Opens Many Lines of Thought 168

A Sample Problem 170

A Sample Issue 171

Warm-Up Exercises 173

Applications 173

CHAPTER 8 Investigate the Problem or Issue 176

What to Look for 178

Eyewitness Testimony 178

Unpublished Report 179

Published Report 179

Expert Opinion 180

Experiment 180

Statistics 181

Survey 182

Observational Study 182

Research Review 183

Your Personal Experience 183

The Experiences of People You Know 185

Using the Library 186

Using the Internet 188

Maintaining a Questioning Perspective 191

Managing an Interview 192

Avoiding Plagiarism 194

Conducting Your Own Research 200

Consider Doing a Survey 200

Consider Doing an Observational Study 200

Keeping Creativity Alive 200

Warm-Up Exercises 201

Applications 202

CHAPTER 9 Produce Ideas 207

Stimulating Your Imagination 209

Force Uncommon Responses 209

Use Free Association 210

Use Analogy 210

Look for Unusual Combinations 211

Visualize the Solution 212

Construct Pro and Con Arguments 212

Construct Relevant Scenarios 213

Aiming for Originality 215

Withholding Judgment 215

Overcoming Obstacles 216

Thinker’s Block 217

Vagueness and Confusion 218

Inflexibility 218

How Insight Occurs 219

A Sample Problem 220

A Sample Issue 223

Warm-Up Exercises 226

Applications 226

PART III Be Critical

CHAPTER 10 The Role of Criticism 231

Why Criticism Is Necessary 232

Focus on Your Ideas 233

Overcoming Obstacles to Critical Thinking 233

Applying Curiosity 234

Avoiding Assumptions 235

Refining Your Solutions to Problems 236

A Sample Problem 237

Refining Your Positions on Issues 239

A Sample Issue 240

Taking Action on the Issue 241

Warm-Up Exercises 242

Applications 243

CHAPTER 11 Refine Your Solution to the Problem 246

Three Steps in Refining 247

Step 1: Working Out the Details 247

Step 2: Finding Imperfections and Complications 249

Step 3: Making Improvements 251

Two Sample Problems 252

The First Problem 252

The Second Problem 255

Warm-Up Exercises 257

Applications 258

CHAPTER 12 Evaluate Your Argument on the Issue 261

Errors Affecting Truth 262

Either/or Thinking 262

Avoiding the Issue 263

Overgeneralizing 263

Oversimplifying 265

Double Standard 265

Shifting the Burden of Proof 266

Irrational Appeal 266

Errors Affecting Validity 267

A Spe Problem: The Hidden Premise 270

Recognizing Complex Arguments 272

Steps in Evaluating an Argument 273

The Case of Parents Protesting TV Programs 274

The Case of the Mentally Impaired Girls 276

Warm-Up Exercises 277

Applications 278

CHAPTER 13 Refine Your Resolution of the Issue 284

Step 1: Deciding What Action Should Be Taken 285

Step 2: Recognizing and Overcoming Difficulties 286

Should Children Pledge Allegiance? 287

Should the Miranda Rule Be Abolished? 289

Warm-Up Exercises 290

Applications 291

PART IV Communicate Your Ideas

CHAPTER 14 Persuading Others 297

Understanding Why People Reject Ideas 299

Knowing Your Audience 300

Anticipating Your Audience’s Objections 302

The Brainstorming Technique 303

The Imaginary-Dialogue Technique 303

Presenting Your Ideas to Advantage 306

Respect Your Audience 306

Begin with the Familiar 307

Select the Most Appropriate Tone 308

Emphasize the Evidence for Your View 308

Answer All Significant Objections 309

The Importance of Timing 309

Warm-Up Exercises 310

Applications 311

CHAPTER 15 Writing and Speaking Effectively 314

Characteristics of Effective Writing 315

A Step-by-Step Approach to Composition 317

Planning 317

Drafting 319

Revising 320

Editing 320

Developing a Readable Style 321

A Sample Composition 323

The Challenge of Effective Speaking 326

Types of Speeches 326

Organizing Your Material 327

Sample Outline and Speech 328

Practicing the Delivery 332

Warm-Up Exercises 333

Applications 334

Solutions to Sample Problems 339

The Three Glasses Problem 339

The Young Girl/Old Woman Problem 339

The Vase and Faces Problem 340

Notes 341

Credits 351

Index 355

文森特·赖安·拉吉罗，美国纽约州立大学德里分校荣休教授，靠前认可的“使思维成为教育重点”运动的先驱，在创造性、批判性思维方面具有深厚的实践和教学经验。拉吉罗教授共著有20多本书，多次登上电视荧屏，发表过大量文章和演讲，拥有代表性的畅销之作《思考的艺术》被誉为批判性思维领域的“圣经”，这是将创造性、批判性思维作为解决问题和争议专享策略的很早读本之一。多年来，他创新性的思考技能训练法帮助人们建立起了思考的标准。

"一本讨论思考的书应该强调“要做什么”，而不是“要避免做什么”。思考是积极、动态的，而不是消极、静态的。有效的思考者不会坐在那里批评别人的努力，他们会解决问题，做出决策，表明立场。
一本讨论思考的书应该让读者掌握思考的原则和技巧。让读者知道已经形成的问题和争议是不够的，还必须让他们学会构造自己的问题和争议。
一本讨论思考的书应该教会读者怎样评价自己的想法以及别人的想法。人类很好善于自欺，因此对于读者来说，看到自身的盲点、偏见和错误，要比给别人挑毛病困难得多。然而对他们的有效思考而言，优选的障碍恰恰是他们自身的弱点和错误。
一本讨论思考的书应该教会读者怎样说服别人。有很多巧妙的想法从未付诸实践，就因为原创者以为别人自然会认识到其想法的绝妙之处。读者需要学习怎样预测和克服自己的想法可能遭到的反对。"