chapter 1 introduction 1.1 introduction 1.2 rationale of this study 1.3 purpose and research questions of this study 1.4 organization of this book 1.5 summary chapter 2 literature review 2.1 introduction 2.2 a brief historical overview of cs research . interlanguage ..1 concept of interlanguage ..2 starting point and stages of intedanguage development .. general features of intedanguage 2.4 communicative comece and strategic comece 2.4.1 hymes' model 2.4.2 canale and swuin's model 2.4.3 bachman's model 2.4.4 wen's model 2.4.5 celee-murcia's model 2.5 defining and classifying communication strategies 2.5.1 definitions 2.5.2 classifications of css 2.6 some typical empirical studies of css at home and abroad 2.6.1 cs classifications and researc ehos 2.6.2 factors affecting the choices of css 2.6.3 teachablity and teaching of css 2.6.4 effectiveness of css 2.7 summary uhapter 3 researc ehoology 3.1 introduction 3.2 research questions 3.2.1 questions on cps and css 3.2.2 questions on cs use in oral tests 3.. questions on css in interpreting 3.3 subjects 3.3.1 subjects for the study on css and cps 3.3.2 subjects for the study on cs use in the oral test 3.3.3 subjects for the study on css in interpreting 3.4 instrumensndprcedures 3.4.1 instrumensndprcedures for the study on cps and css 3.4.2 instrumensndprcedures for the study on css in the oral test 3.4.3 instrumensndprcedures for the study on css in interpreting 3.5 summary chapter 4 conununirafion strategies and conununicafion problems 4.1 introduction 4.2 css and cps of all subjects 4.2.1 css of all subjects 4.2.2 cps of all subjects 4.3 css and cps of non-english majors 4.3.1 css of non-english majors 4.3.2 cps of non-english majors 4.4 css and cps of english majors 4.4.1 css of english majors 4.4.2 cps of english majors 4.5 discussion 4.6 summary chapter 5 communication strategies in oral tests 5.1 introduction 5.2 overall distribution of css in the oral test 5.3 general language proficiency and css in the oral test 5.4 oral proficiency and css in the oral test 5.5 differences of cs use in oral test between gender groups 5.6 css in testing and non-testing situations 5.7 discussion 5.8 summary chapter 6 communication strategies in interpreting 6.1 introduction 6.2 classification of css in interpreting 6.2.1 gist-obtaining strategies 6.2.2 gist-delivering strategies 6.. asking for help (appealing) 6.2.4 using prefabricated patterns 6.2.5 restructuring 6.2.6 memorizing and retrieving 6.3 general bees bout css in interpreting 6.3.1 interpreting is communication and interpreters are bound to employ css 6.3.2 cs comece is one of the components of interpreting comece 6.3.3 leachability of css in interpreting 6.3.4 interpreters' cs comece is developed mainly in interpreting 6.3.5 css should be one of the components of interpreting teaching 6.4 bees bout the use of specific css in interpreting 6.4.1 overall distribution of the bees bout cs use interpreting 6.4.2 bees bout the cs use in interpreting and l2 proficiency 6.4.3 bees bout the cs use in interpreting and gender 6.4.4 bees bout the cs use in interpreting and interpreting experience 6.5 discussion 6.6 summary chapter 7 couclusion 7.1 introduction 7.2 major findings 7.2.1 communication strategies and communication problems 7.2.2 communication strategies in oral tests 7.. communication strategies in interpreting 7.3 implications 7.3.1 theoretical imhaios 7.3.2 pedagogical implications 7.4 suggestions for further research 7.4.1 studying css used in written communication 7.4.2 studying css used on different stages of interlanguage development 7.4.3 studying css used in non-educational situations 7.4.4 studying css used in problem-absent situations 7.4.5 studying css from a reeeptive perspective appendices appendix i appendix ii appendix iii appendix iv bibliography acknowledgements