目 录
Acknowledgements 8
Abstract 10
摘 要 12
ABBREVIATIONS 14
Chapter 1 15
Introduction 15
1.1 Orientation of the Research 15
1.2 Rationale and Research Questions 15
1.3 Definition of Key Terms 19
1.3.1 Bilingual and Bilingualism 19
1.3.2 Priming and Syntactic Priming 21
1.4 Organization of the Book 22
Chapter 2 24
Syntactic Priming 24
2.1 Syntactic Priming in Spontaneous Language 24
2.2 Experimental Studies on Syntactic Priming 25
2.3 Bilingual Syntactic Priming 27
2.4 Techniques in Syntactic Priming Exploration 29
2.4.1 Behavioural Techniques 30
2.4.2 Computer Simulation 34
2.4.3 Brain Imaging Techniques 35
2.4.4 Corpus-based Techniques 36
2.5 Summary 37
Chapter 3 38
Mechanisms of Syntactic Representation and Processing 38
3.1 A Blueprint of Speech Production (Levelt, 1989, 1999a) 38
3.2 Lexical Access in Speech Production 40
3.3 Lexical Access in Bilingual Speech Production 43
3.4 Grammatical Encoding 46
3.5 Mechanisms of Syntactic Priming 48
3.5.1 Syntactic Priming is not Affected by Lexical, Prosodic and Semantic Factors 48
3.5.2 Implicit Learning Account 48
3.5.3 Transient Activation Account 51
3.5.4 Mechanisms of Syntactic Priming across Languages 53
3.5.5 Interactive Alignment Account 56
3.5.6 Critiques 56
3.6 Grammatical Encoding in Syntactic Priming 58
3.6.1 The Two-stage Account 58
3.6.2 The One-stage Account 59
3.6.3 Critiques 61
3.7 Summary 62
Chapter 4 64
Bilingual Syntactic Representation 64
4.1 Introduction 64
4.2 Active and Passive Constructions 66
4.3 Experiment 1 68
4.3.1 Participants 68
4.3.2 Research Design 68
4.3.3 Materials 70
4.3.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 70
4.3.5 Results 71
4.4 Experiment 2 71
4.4.1 Participants 71
4.4.2 Research Design 72
4.4.3 Materials 72
4.4.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 72
4.4.5 Results 72
4.5 Experiment 3 73
4.5.1 Participants 73
4.5.2 Research Design 73
4.5.3 Materials 73
4.5.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 73
4.5.5 Results 74
4.6 Discussion 74
4.6.1 Explaining the within-Chinese Experiment 75
4.6.2 Partial Integration Account 76
4.6.3 L1 Dominance Account 77
4.7 Summary 81
Chapter 5 83
Syntactic Priming Increases while L2 Proficiency Develops 83
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 DO and PO Constructions 85
5.3 Validating the C-Test as Measure of L2 Proficiency 86
5.3.1 Participants 87
5.3.2 Instruments 88
5.3.3 Results and Discussion 89
5.4 Experiment 4 93
5.4.1 Participants 93
5.4.2 Research Design 93
5.4.3 Procedure 94
5.4.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 95
5.4.5 Results 95
5.5 Experiment 5 96
5.5.1 Participants. 96
5.5.2 Research Design 96
5.5.3 Materials. 97
5.5.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 97
5.5.5 Results 97
5.6 Discussion 99
5.7 Summary 101
Chapter 6 103
Implicit Learning or Transient Activation? 103
6.1 Introduction 103
6.2 Experiment 6 104
6.2.1 Participants 104
6.2.2 Research Design and Research Hypothesis 104
6.2.3 Procedure 107
6.2.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 107
6.2.5 Results 107
6.3 Discussion 109
6.4 Summary 112
Chapter 7 114
Role of Word Order in Sentence Production 114
7.1 Introduction 114
7.2 Experiment 7 116
7.2.1 Participants 116
7.2.2 Research Design 116
7.2.3 Materials 116
7.2.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 117
7.2.5 Results 117
7.3 Experiment 8 118
7.3.1 Participants 118
7.3.2 Research Design 118
7.3.3 Materials 118
7.3.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 118
7.3.5 Results 118
7.4 Discussion 119
7.5 Summary 122
Chapter 8 123
Conclusions and Implications 123
8.1 Major Findings 123
8.1.1 Bilingual Syntactic Representation 123
8.1.2 Development of Bilingual Syntactic Representation 124
8.1.3 Mechanisms of Cross-linguistic Syntactic Priming 125
8.1.4 Grammatical Encoding in Bilingual Syntactic Processing 126
8.1.5 Summary 127
8.2 Implications 128
8.3 Limitations and Future Research 130
References 132
Appendices 143
Appendix I 143
Chinese Active Primes Used in Experiments 1, 3, 5 and 7 143
Chinese Passive Primes Used in Experiments 1, 3, 5 and 7 143
Chinese Baseline Primes Used in Experiments 1, 3, 5 and 7 143
Appendix II 144
English Active Primes Used in Experiment 2 144
English Passive Primes Used in Experiment 2 144
English Baseline Primes Used in Experiment 2 144
Appendix III 145
Chinese Training Stems Used in Experiment 4 145
DO Training Stems 145
PO Training Stems 145
Chinese Prime Stems Used in Experiment 4 145
DO Prime Stems 145
PO Prime Stems 146
English Target Stems Used in Experiment 4 146
Appendix IV 146
Materials Used in Experiment 6 146
Chinese Training Stems under the Same Verbs Condition 146
DO Training Stems 146
PO Training Stems 146
Chinese Training Stems under the Different Verbs Condition 147
DO Training Stems 147
PO Training Stems 147
Chinese Prime Stems 147
DO Prime Stems 147
PO Prime Stems 147
English Target Stems 147
Appendix V 148
German Active Primes Used in Experiment 8 148
German Passive Primes Used in Experiment 8 148
German Baseline Primes Used in Experiment 8 148
Appendix VI 149
The C-Test Battery 149
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