正版 心理学研究方法:英文版 [美]约翰·肖内西,[美]尤金·泽克迈斯

Brief Contents
Preface xiii
PART I
General Issues 1
1 Introduction 2
2 The Scientifi c Method 27
3 Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research 58
PART II
Descriptive Methods 91
4 Observation 92
5 Survey Research 135
PART III
Experimental Methods 177
6 Independent Groups Designs 178
7 Repeated Measures Designs 219
8 Complex Designs 243
PART IV
Applied Research 275
9 Single-Case Research Designs 276
10 Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation 304
PART V
Analyzing and Reporting Research 341
11 Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I. Describing Data,
Confi dence Intervals, Correlation 342
12 Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II. Tests of Statistical
Signifi cance and the Analysis Story 379
13 Communication in Psychology 417
Appendix Statistical Tables 437
Glossary 442
References 451

Contents
Preface xiii

PART I
General Issues 1
1 Introduction 2
THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY 3
SCIENCE IN CONTEXT 6
Historical Context 6
Social and Cultural Context 9
Moral Context 13
THINKING LIKE A RESEARCHER 14
Evaluating Research Findings Reported
in the Media 17
Getting Started Doing Research 18
SUMMARY 23
KEY CONCEPTS 24
REVIEW QUESTIONS 24
CHALLENGE QUESTIONS 25
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE 25
ANSWER TO CHALLENGE QUESTION 1 26
2 The Scientifi c Method 27
SCIENTIFIC AND EVERYDAY APPROACHES TO
KNOWLEDGE 28
General Approach and Attitude 29
Observation 30
Concepts 33
Reporting 35
Instruments 36
Measurement 37
Hypotheses 38
GOALS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 40
Description 40
Prediction 44
Explanation 46
Application 49
SCIENTIFIC THEORY CONSTRUCTION AND
TESTING 50
SUMMARY 54
KEY CONCEPTS 55
REVIEW QUESTIONS 55
CHALLENGE QUESTIONS 56
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE 57
ANSWER TO CHALLENGE QUESTION 1 57
3 Ethical Issues in the Conduct
of Psychological Research 58
INTRODUCTION 59
ETHICAL ISSUES TO CONSIDER BEFORE BEGINNING
RESEARCH 60
THE RISK/BENEFIT RATIO 62
Determining Risk 63
Minimal Risk 65
Dealing with Risk 65
INFORMED CONSENT 67
DECEPTION IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 73
DEBRIEFING 76
RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS 78
REPORTING OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 80
STEPS FOR ETHICAL COMPLIANCE 83
SUMMARY 85
KEY CONCEPTS 86
REVIEW QUESTIONS 86
CHALLENGE QUESTIONS 87
PART II
Descriptive Methods 91
4 Observation 92
OVERVIEW 93
SAMPLING BEHAVIOR 94
Time Sampling 94
Situation Sampling 96
OBSERVATIONAL METHODS 97
DIRECT OBSERVATIONAL METHODS 97
Observation without Intervention 99
Observation with Intervention 100
INDIRECT (UNOBTRUSIVE) OBSERVATIONAL
METHODS 106
Physical Traces 107
Archival Records 109
RECORDING BEHAVIOR 112
Comprehensive Records of Behavior 113
Selected Records of Behavior 114
ANALYSIS OF OBSERVATIONAL DATA 118
Qualitative Data Analysis 118
Quantitative Data Analysis 120
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT OBSERVATIONAL
RESEARCH 124
Infl uence of the Observer 125
Observer Bias 129
SUMMARY 131
KEY CONCEPTS 132
REVIEW QUESTIONS 132
CHALLENGE QUESTIONS 133
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE 134
ANSWER TO CHALLENGE QUESTION 1 134
5 Survey Research 135
OVERVIEW 136
USES OF SURVEYS 136
CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEYS 138
SAMPLING IN SURVEY RESEARCH 138
Basic Terms of Sampling 138
Approaches to Sampling 140
SURVEY METHODS 144
Mail Surveys 145
Personal Interviews 146
Telephone Interviews 147
Internet Surveys 148
SURVEY-RESEARCH DESIGNS 151
Cross-Sectional Design 151
Successive Independent Samples
Design 152
Longitudinal Design 154
QUESTIONNAIRES 158
Questionnaires as Instruments 158
Reliability and Validity of Self-Report
Measures 160
Constructing a Questionnaire 162
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT SURVEY
RESEARCH 168
Correspondence Between Reported
and Actual Behavior 168
Correlation and Causality 169
SUMMARY 171
KEY CONCEPTS 173
REVIEW QUESTIONS 173
CHALLENGE QUESTIONS 174
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE I 175
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE II 176
ANSWER TO CHALLENGE QUESTION 1 176
PART III
Experimental Methods 177
6 Independent Groups Designs 178
OVERVIEW 179
WHY PSYCHOLOGISTS CONDUCT
EXPERIMENTS 179
LOGIC OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 180
RANDOM GROUPS DESIGN 181
An Example of a Random Groups
Design 182
Block Randomization 188
Threats to Internal Validity 189
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTAL
FINDINGS 195
The Role of Data Analysis in
Experiments 195
Describing the Results 197
Confi rming What the Results Reveal 200
What Data Analysis Cant Tell Us 204
ESTABLISHING THE EXTERNAL VALIDITY OF
EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS 205
MATCHED GROUPS DESIGN 209
NATURAL GROUPS DESIGN 211
SUMMARY 213
KEY CONCEPTS 215
REVIEW QUESTIONS 215
CHALLENGE QUESTIONS 216
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE I 218
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE II 218
ANSWER TO CHALLENGE QUESTION 1 218
7 Repeated Measures Designs 219
OVERVIEW 220
WHY RESEARCHERS USE REPEATED MEASURES
DESIGNS 220
THE ROLE OF PRACTICE EFFECTS IN REPEATED
MEASURES DESIGNS 222
Defi ning Practice Effects 222
Balancing Practice Effects in the Complete
Design 224
Balancing Practice Effects in the
Incomplete Design 228
DATA ANALYSIS OF REPEATED MEASURES
DESIGNS 233
Describing the Results 233
Confi rming What the Results Reveal 235
THE PROBLEM OF DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFER 237
SUMMARY 238
KEY CONCEPTS 240
REVIEW QUESTIONS 240
CHALLENGE QUESTIONS 240
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE 241
ANSWER TO CHALLENGE QUESTION 1 242
8 Complex Designs 243
OVERVIEW 244
DESCRIBING EFFECTS IN A COMPLEX DESIGN 244
An Example of a 2 3 2 Design 245
Main Effects and Interaction Effects 247
Describing Interaction Effects 251
Complex Designs with Three
Independent Variables 253
ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX DESIGNS 255
Analysis Plan with an Interaction
Effect 257
Analysis Plan with No Interaction
Effect 260
INTERPRETING INTERACTION EFFECTS 262
Interaction Effects and Theory
Testing 262
Interaction Effects and External
Validity 263
Interaction Effects and Ceiling and Floor
Effects 265
Interaction Effects and the Natural
Groups Design 266
SUMMARY 269
KEY CONCEPTS 270
REVIEW QUESTIONS 270
CHALLENGE QUESTIONS 271
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE I 272
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE II 273
ANSWER TO CHALLENGE QUESTION 1 273
PART IV
Applied Research 275
9 Single-Case Research Designs 276
OVERVIEW 277
THE CASE STUDY METHOD 278
Characteristics 278
Advantages of the Case Study
Method 282
Disadvantages of the Case Study
Method 285
Thinking Critically About Testimonials
Based on a Case Study 287
SINGLE-CASE (SMALL-n) EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS 288
Characteristics of Single-Case
Experiments 289
Specifi c Experimental Designs 291
Problems and Limitations Common to
All Single-Case Designs 297
SUMMARY 300
KEY CONCEPTS 301
REVIEW QUESTIONS 301
CHALLENGE QUESTIONS 301
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE 302
ANSWER TO CHALLENGE QUESTION 1 303
10 Quasi-Experimental Designs
and Program Evaluation 304
OVERVIEW 305
TRUE EXPERIMENTS 306
Characteristics of True Experiments 306
Obstacles to Conducting True
Experiments in Natural Settings 307
Threats to Internal Validity Controlled
by True Experiments 309
Problems That Even True Experiments
May Not Control 314
QUASI-EXPERIMENTS 316
The Nonequivalent Control Group
Design 318
Nonequivalent Control Group Design:
The Langer and Rodin Study 319
Threats to Internal Validity in the
Nonequivalent Control Group
Design 321
The Issue of External Validity 325
Interrupted Time-Series Designs 326
Time Series with Nonequivalent Control
Group 330
PROGRAM EVALUATION 331
SUMMARY 336
KEY CONCEPTS 337
REVIEW QUESTIONS 337
CHALLENGE QUESTIONS 338
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE 339
ANSWER TO CHALLENGE QUESTION 1 340
PART V
Analyzing and Reporting
Research 341
11 Data Analysis and Interpretation:
Part I. Describing Data,
Confi dence Intervals,
Correlation 342
OVERVIEW 343
THE ANALYSIS STORY 344
COMPUTER-ASSISTED DATA ANALYSIS 345
ILLUSTRATION: DATA ANALYSIS FOR AN
EXPERIMENT COMPARING MEANS 346
Stage 1: Getting to Know the Data 347
Stage 2: Summarizing the Data 351
Stage 3: Using Confi dence Intervals to
Confi rm What the Data Reveal 356
ILLUSTRATION: DATA ANALYSIS FOR A
CORRELATIONAL STUDY 367
Stage 1: Getting to Know the Data 368
Stage 2: Summarizing the Data 368
Stage 3: Constructing a Confi dence
Interval for a Correlation 373
SUMMARY 373
KEY CONCEPTS 375
REVIEW QUESTIONS 375
CHALLENGE QUESTIONS 376
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE 377
ANSWER TO CHALLENGE QUESTION 1 377
12 Data Analysis and Interpretation:
Part II. Tests of Statistical
Signifi cance and the Analysis
Story 379
OVERVIEW 380
NULL HYPOTHESIS SIGNIFICANCE TESTING
(NHST) 380
EXPERIMENTAL SENSITIVITY AND STATISTICAL
POWER 384
NHST: COMPARING TWO MEANS 386
Independent Groups 387
Repeated Measures Designs 387
STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND SCIENTIFIC
OR PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE 388
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COMPARING TWO
MEANS 389
REPORTING RESULTS WHEN COMPARING TWO
MEANS 390
DATA ANALYSIS INVOLVING MORE THAN TWO
CONDITIONS 392
ANOVA FOR SINGLE-FACTOR INDEPENDENT
GROUPS DESIGN 392
Calculating Effect Size for Designs with
Three or More Independent
Groups 398
Assessing Power for Independent Groups
Designs 399
Comparing Means in Multiple-Group
Experiments 400
REPEATED MEASURES ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE 403
TWO-FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR
INDEPENDENT GROUPS DESIGNS 407
Analysis of a Complex Design with an
Interaction Effect 407
Analysis with No Interaction Effect 409
Effect Sizes for Two-Factor Design with
Independent Groups 410
ROLE OF CONFIDENCE INTERVALS IN THE ANALYSIS
OF COMPLEX DESIGNS 410
TWO-FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR A
MIXED DESIGN 411
REPORTING RESULTS OF A COMPLEX DESIGN 413
SUMMARY 413
KEY CONCEPTS 414
REVIEW QUESTIONS 415
CHALLENGE QUESTIONS 415
ANSWER TO STRETCHING EXERCISE 416
ANSWER TO CHALLENGE QUESTION 1 416
13 Communication in
Psychology 417
INTRODUCTION 418
THE INTERNET AND RESEARCH 420
GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE WRITING 421
STRUCTURE OF A RESEARCH REPORT 423
Title Page 424
Abstract 424
Introduction 425
Method 427
Results 427
Discussion 431
References 432
Footnotes 433
Appendices 434
ORAL PRESENTATIONS 434
RESEARCH PROPOSALS 435
Appendix: Statistical Tables 437
Glossary 442
References 451

约翰·肖内西（John J.Shaughrlessy），在密歇根一个相对较小、但绝对一流的人文艺术学院HopeCollege担任心理学教授，1 972年获西北大学博士学位，博士毕业后，在西北大学跟随著名实验心理学家、实验设计与研究方法论大师安德伍德（Berlton J.Underwood）做助教，受其影响，致力于研究方法的探索和著述，于1975年和安德伍德合著《心理学中的实验》一书，1985年出版了这部著名的《心理学研究方法》第1版，并不断修订再版，畅销至今。肖内西多次被评为卜tope College的杰出教授，是HopeCollege学术发展委员会委员、心理系系主任。

尤金·泽克迈斯特（Eugene B.Zechmeister），是芝加哥LoyaIa大学的心理学荣誉教授，人类认知和实验方法学方面的专家。

珍妮·泽克迈斯特（Jearlne S.Zechmeister），也任教于芝加哥Loyola大学，多年以来一直教授本科生和研究生的方法学课程。目前专职从事心理学研究方法等方面的写作

★教育部高等学校心理学教学指导委员会推荐用书
★教育部高等学校心理学教指委主任周晓林教授作序推荐
★国内心理学科学研究方法培训的首先参考用书
★可结合《心理学研究方法》（第7版）进行中英对照阅读
★事例丰富，通俗易懂，《心理学研究方法》是进行心理学研究的敲门砖。


★这本由约翰·肖内等人撰写的《心理学研究方法》具有众多的特色。一，这本书已经出到第10版，从内容安排到文字表述都历经锤炼，案例丰富，通俗易懂。第二，与其他实验心理学类教材相比，这本书更注重介绍实际研究中的思路、方法和过程，而不是具体的研究内容（如记忆、语言等）。我认为，这种对方法和思维方式的重视可能正是中国心理学界在教学和研究中所缺乏的。只有加强对学生提出问题、思考问题、解决问题的训练，中国的心理学研究才能真正具有创新性。第三，在对心理学研究方法的具体介绍上，本书超出了一些传统教材所涉及的范围，例如本书较为详细地讲述了个案研究方法。这种对传统范畴的突破，有助于学生把所学的知识应用到心理学研究的各个分支（如神经心理学）中去，有助于他们认识到心理学研究的精髓和共通之处。第四，也是我特别强调的，这本书对心理学研究中的道德问题和论文写作也进行了深入浅出的阐述。
总之，我认为这本《心理学研究方法》是一本优秀的教材。如果我们的学生能够真正领会书中介绍的内容和规范，我国心理学队伍的水平必将有一个较大的提升。
我热忱推荐这本这本《心理学研究方法》。
——周晓林 教授
教育部心理学教学指导委员会主任、北京大学脑科学与认知科学中心主任

这是一本供心理学、教育学专业学生使用的研究方法经典教材。
作者选择大量最新的研究实例，详细说明了心理学研究中经常要用到的各种描述性方法（包括观察法、调查研究、行为的隐蔽测量）、实验性方法（包括独立组设计、重复测量设计和复合设计）以及应用性研究（个案研究法和单被试设计、准实验设计和项目评估），并简单叙述了数据处理和统计的基本概念、心理学研究报告撰写和心理学学术交流中应该注意的问题。
《心理学研究方法（第10版，英文版）》适合心理学专业大学本科生和研究生课堂学习使用，也可供心理学研究方法和实验心理学课程的教师以及从事心理学教育和科研的工作者参考，同时还可以供管理学、社会学、政治学等学科的教学和研究人员借鉴。

　　★教育部高等学校心理学教学指导委员会用书
　　★教育部高等学校心理学教指委主任周晓林教授作序
　　★国内心理学科学研究方法培训的先参考用书
　　★可结合《心理学研究方法》（第7版）进行中英对照阅读
　　★事例丰富，通俗易懂，《心理学研究方法》是进行心理学研究的敲门砖。