CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION/1
1.1Background/1
1.2The State of the Art/3
1.21 Marnetic Modeling and Analysis/6
1.22 Orientation Sensing/8
1.23 Control Methods/10
1.3 Book Outline/12
PART I MODELLING METHODS FOR PMSMS/21
CHAPTER 2 General Formulation OF PMSMs/21
2.1 PMSM Electromagnetic System Modeling/21
2.1.1 Governing Equations of Electromagnetic Field/21
2.1.2 Boundary Condition/24
2.1.3 Magnetic Flux Linkage and Energy/25
2.1.4 Magnetic Force/Torque/26
2.2 PMSM Rotor Dynamic /27
References/30
CHAPTER 3 Distributed Multi-Pole Models/31
3.1 Distributed Multi-Pole Model for PMs/31
3.1.1 PM Field with DMP Model/32
3.1.2 Numerical Illustrative Examples/35
3.2 Distributed Multi-Pole Model for EMs/43
3.2.1 Equivalent Magnetization of the ePM/45
3.2.2 Illustrations of Magnetic Field Computation/47
3.3 Dipole Force/Torque Model/47
3.3.1 Force and Torque on a Magnetic Dipole/47
3.3.2 Illustration of Magnetic Force Computation/49
3.4 Image Method with DMP Models/52
3.4.1 Image Method with Spherical Grounded Boundary/53
3.4.2 Illustrative Examples/56
3.4.3 Effects of Iron Boundary on the Torque/58
3.5 Illustrative Numerical Simulations for PMSM Design/62
3.5.1 Pole Pair Design/65
3.5.2 Static Loading Investigation/70
3.5.3 Weight-Compensating Regulator/71
References/79
CHAPTER 4 PMSM Force/Torque Model for Real-Time Control/81
4.1 Force/Torque Formulation/81
4.1.1 Magnetic Force/Torque Based on The Kernel Functions/82
4.1.2 Simplified Model: Axis-Symmetric EMs/PMs/85
4.1.3 Inverse Torque Model/86
4.2 Numerical Illustrations/86
4.2.1 Axis-Asymmetric EM/PMs/86
4.2.2 Axis-Symmetric EM/PM/90
4.3 Illustrative PMSM Torque Modelling /93
PART II SENSING Methods
CHAPTER 5 Field-Based Orientation Sensing/99
5.1 Coordinate Systems and Sensor Placement/99
5.2 Field Mapping and Segmentation/100
5.3 Artificial Neural Network Inverse Map/102
5.4 Experimental Investigation/103
5.4.1 2-DOF Concurrent Characterization/104
References/107
CHAPTER 6 A Back-EMF Method for Multi-DOF Motion Detection/109
6.1 Back-EMF for Multi-DOF Motion Sensing/109
6.1.1 EMF Model in a Single EM-PM pair/111
6.1.2 Back-EMF with Multiple EM-PM pairs/112
6.2 Implementation of Back-EMF Method on a PMSM/114
6.2.1 Mechanical and Magnetic Structure of the PMSM/115
6.2.2 Numerical Solutions for the MFL Model/116
6.2.3 Experiment and Discussion/118
6.2.4 Parameter Estimation of the PMSM with back-EMF Method/120
References/122
PART III CONTROL METHODS
CHAPTER 7 Direct Field-Feedback Ccontrol/125
7.1 Traditional Orientation Control Method for Spherical Motors/125
7.1.1 PD Control Law and Stability Analysis/126
7.1.2 Comments on Implementation of Traditional Control Methods/127
7.2 Direct Field-Feedback Control/128
7.2.1 Determination of Bijective Domain/129
7.2.2 DFC Control Law and Control Parameter Determination/129
7.2.3 DFC with Multi-sensors/130
7.3 Numerical 1-DOF Illustrative Example/131
7.3.1 Sensor Design and Bijective Domain Identification/131
7.3.2 Field-based Control Law/133
7.3.3 Numerical Illustrations of Multiple Bijective Domains/135
7.4 Experimental Investigation of DFC for 3-DOF PMSM/135
7.4.1 System Description/135
7.4.2 Sensor Design and Bijective Domains/138
7.4.3 Bijective domain/139
7.4.4 TCV Computation Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN)/142
7.4.5 Experimental Investigation/142
References/150
CHAPTER 8 A Two-mode PMSM for Haptic Applications/151
8.1 Description of the PMSM Haptic Device/151
8.1.1 Two-mode configuration Design for 6-DOF Manipulation/153
8.1.2 Numerical Model for Magnetic Field/Torque Computation/154
8.1.3 Field-based TCV Estimation/155
8.2 Snap-Fit Simulation/156
8.2.1 Snap-Fit Performance Analyses/158
8.2.2 Snap-Fit Haptic Application/159
References/164
李国民(Kok-MerlgLee)，男，美国麻省理工学院博士，美国总统奖获得者，IEEEFellow、ASMEFellow、IEEE／ASMETransactionsonMechatronics(TMech)主编(2008—2013)。任美国佐治亚理工学院终身教授，中组部“千人计划”专家，华中科技大学教授，973项目首席科学家。 主要研究领域为智能制造装备与技术、智能传感及驱动、复杂机电系统。主持与智能制造密切相关的美国自然科学基金、国际合作项目10余项。在智能传感器、灵巧驱动器、机器视觉、多变量热-流耦合过程建模与控制等领域取得系列成果，并广泛应用于制造工业中的检测、定位与控制、场重构、分布参数建模与控制等方面。发表相关论文300余篇，参与出版英文专著3部，授权美国与国际专利10项。
In this book,we procide fundamentals for practical designs of spherical motors with the intent to push forward the development of high-performance spherical motos.This book is orgajized into three parts: The first part begins with the methods for modeling the three-dimensonal(3D)electromagnetic fields involved in a spherical motor,and the multi-dimensional foces and torques generated electromechanically between its rotor and stator.The second part presents the sensing techniques for measuring the multi-DOF joint motion in real time.The third part offers methods for controlling the coupled rotational motions of spherical motots.While this book is primmarily intended for students,researchers,and endineers studying/developing spherical motors,those who work in the area of electric machines should find teh modeling.sensing and control methods presented here relevant to the development of various electromagntic motion systems.
This book introduces and illustrates modeling, sensing, and control methods for analyzing, designing, and developing spherical motors. It systematically presents modelsfor establishing the relationships among the magnetic fields position/orientation and force/torque, while also providing time-efficient solutions to assist researchers and engineers in studying and developing these motors. In order to take full advantage of spherical motors’ compact structure in practical applications, sensing and control methods that utilize their magnetic fields and eliminate the need to install external sensors for feedback are proposed. Further, the book investigates for the first time spherical motors’force/torque manipulation capability, and proposes algorithms enabling the ball-joint-like end-effector for haptic use based on these motors’hybrid position/force actuation modes. While systematically presenting approaches to their design, sensing and control, the book also provides many examples illustrating the implementation issues readers may encounter.
Rapid advances of intelligent machines for amsrt manufacturing equipment,driverless vehicles,robotics,and medical industries continue to motivate new designs and app;ocations of multi-degree-of-freedom(DOF) actuators capable of complex motion and precise force/torque manipulations to complete tasks that have never been automated before.Extensive efforts to develop novel actuators with compact designs and designs and dexterous manipulations can be found in both academic research and indusrial development.Unlike multi-DOF systems with designs based on bulky serial/parallel combinations cf single-axis spin motors and transmission mechanisms,spherical motors/actuators are direct-drive and can achieve multi-DOF rotational motions in a single ball joint,because of these attractive features,along with the structural simplicity and the capability to achieve quick singularity-free motion,spherical motors are expected to play a significant role in the developmet of intelligent machines.
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