1 Motivation Across Cultures 2
The World of International Management: Motivating Employees
in a Multicultural Context: Insights from the Emerging Markets 2
The Nature of Motivation 4
The Universalist Assumption 5
The Assumption of Content and Process 6
The Hierarchy-of-Needs Theory 7
The Maslow Theory 7
International Findings on Maslow’s Theory 7
The Two-Factor Theory of Motivation 11
The Herzberg Theory 11
International Findings on Herzberg’s Theory 13
Achievement Motivation Theory 17
The Background of Achievement Motivation Theory 17
International Findings on Achievement Motivation Theory
18
1 Motivation Across Cultures 2
The World of International Management: Motivating Employees
in a Multicultural Context: Insights from the Emerging Markets 2
The Nature of Motivation 4
The Universalist Assumption 5
The Assumption of Content and Process 6
The Hierarchy-of-Needs Theory 7
The Maslow Theory 7
International Findings on Maslow’s Theory 7
The Two-Factor Theory of Motivation 11
The Herzberg Theory 11
International Findings on Herzberg’s Theory 13
Achievement Motivation Theory 17
The Background of Achievement Motivation Theory 17
International Findings on Achievement Motivation Theory
18
Select Process Theories 19
Equity Theory 19
Goal-Setting Theory 21
Expectancy Theory 21
Motivation Applied: Job Design, Work Centrality, and Rewards 22
Job Design 22
Sociotechnical Job Designs 23
Work Centrality 24
Incentives and Culture 28
The World of International
Management—Revisited 30
Summary of Key Points 30
Key Terms 32
Review and Discussion
Questions 32
Internet Exercise: Motivating
Potential Employees 32
In the International
Spotlight: Indonesia 33
2 Leadership Across Cultures 34
The World of International Management: Global Leadership
Development: An Emerging Need 34
Foundation for Leadership 36
The Manager-Leader Paradigm 36
Philosophical Background: Theories X, Y, and Z 38
Leadership Behaviors and Styles 41
The Managerial Grid Performance: A Japanese Perspective
42
Leadership in the International Context 45
Attitudes of European Managers toward Leadership
Practices 45
Japanese Leadership Approaches 47
Differences between Japanese and U.S. Leadership Styles
48
Leadership in China 50
Leadership in the Middle East 51
Leadership Approaches in India 51
Leadership Approaches in Latin America 52
Recent Findings and Insights about Leadership 53
Transformational, Transactional, and Charismatic Leadership
53
Qualities for Successful Leaders 55
Culture Clusters and Leader Effectiveness 57
Leader Behavior, Leader Effectiveness, and Leading Teams
58
Cross-Cultural Leadership: Insights from the GLOBE Study
58
Positive Organizational Scholarship and Leadership 62
Authentic Leadership 62
Ethical, Responsible, and Servant Leadership 65
Entrepreneurial Leadership and Mindset 66
The World of International
Management—Revisited 67
Summary of Key Points 67
Key Terms 68
Review and Discussion
Questions 69
Internet Exercise: Taking a
Closer Look 69
In the International
Spotlight: Germany 70
3 Human Resource Selection and
Development
Across Cultures 72
The World of International Management: The Challenge
of Talent Retention in India 72
The Importance of International Human Resources 75
Getting the Employee
Perspective 75
Employees as Critical
Resources 76
Investing in International
Assignments 76
Economic Pressures 76
Sources of Human
Resources 78
Home-Country Nationals 78
Host-Country Nationals 78
Third-Country Nationals 79
Subcontracting and Outsourcing
80
Selection Criteria for
International Assignments 83
General Criteria 83
Adaptability to Cultural
Change 84
Physical and Emotional Health
85
Age, Experience, and Education
85
Language Training 86
Motivation for a Foreign
Assignment 86
Spouses and Dependents or
Work-Family Issues 86
Leadership Ability 87
Other Considerations 87
Economic Pressures and
Trends in Expat Assignments 89
International Human
Resource Selection Procedures 90
Testing and Interviewing
Procedures 90
The Adjustment Process 90
Compensation 92
Common Elements of
Compensation Packages 93
Tailoring the Package 95
Individual and
Host-Country Viewpoints 96
Candidate Motivations 96
Host-Country Desires 97
Repatriation of
Expatriates 98
Reasons for Returning 98
Readjustment Problems 98
Transition Strategies 99
Training in
International Management 100
The Impact of Overall
Management Philosophy on Training 102
The Impact of Different
Learning Styles on Training
and Development 103
Reasons for Training 104
Types of Training
Programs 106
Standardized vs. Tailor-Made
106
Cultural Assimilators
109
Positive
Organizational Behavior 110
Future
Trends 111
The World of International Management—Revisited 111
Summary of Key Points 113
Key Terms 114
Review and Discussion Questions 114
Internet Exercise: Going International with Coke 115
In the International Spotlight: Russia 116
Brief Integrative Case 1.1: IKEA’s Global Renovations 117
In-Depth Integrative Case 1.1: HSBC in China 124
In-Depth Integrative Case 1.2: Chiquita’s Global
Turnaround 140
Endnotes
148
Glossary
160
弗雷德？卢森斯(Fred Luthans)是靠前有名的管理学家和心理学家，美国尼勃拉斯加大学教授，曾担任美国管理学会，荣获管理学殊荣并担任多家杂志期刊主编。
