Introduction Part I Fusion as Energy Source 2 Energy Problem and Related Safety Aspects 3 Fusion Fuel 3.1 Fusion Reactions 3.2 Ignition and Burn Criteria Fusion Concepts 4.1 Inertial Plasma Confinement 4.2 Magnetic Plasma Confinement 4.3 Stellarator Concept 4.4 Tokamak Concept 4.5 Design of the First Wall 4.5.1 Limiter 4.5.2 Divertor
Part II The Plasma-Material Interface The Plasma State 5.1 Ionization Degree and Coupling Constant. 5.2 Debye Length 5.3 Plasma Frequency 5.4 Collisions in Plasmas 5.5 Transport Processes in Plasmas 5.5.1 Transport by Binary Collisions 5.5.2 Neoclassical Diffusion 5.5.3 Anomalous Transport 5.6 The Vlasov Equation 5.7 The Poisson Equation Particle Coupling 6.1 Binary Collisions 6.1.1 Scattering Angle 6.1.2 Scattering in the Coulomb Field, U(r) = C/r 6.1.3 Cross-Section 6.1.4 Interaction Potential U(r) 6.1.5 Binary Collision: General Case 6.2 Particle Transport in Matter 6.2.1 Definitions and Main Parameters 6.2.2 Elastic Energy Loss 6.2.3 Inelastic Energy Loss 6.3 Material Modification by Ion Beams 6.4 Retention and Tritium Inventory Control 6.5 Impurity Generation 6.5.1 Physical Sputtering 6.5.2 Chemical Erosion 6.5.3 Radiation-Enhanced Sublimation 6.5.4 Thermal Evaporation 6.5.5 Blistering 6.6 Charge Effects 6.7 Diffusion-Controlled Sputtering 6.8 Backscattering 6.8.1 One-Collision Model 6.8.2 The Diffusion Model 6.8.3 Approximations 6.9 Electron Emission 6.9.1 Secondary Electron Emission (SEE) 6.9.2 Thermionic Electron Emission 6.9.3 Electron Emission by the Application of an Electric Field 6.10 Modeling of Particle-Solid Interaction 6.10.1 Molecular Dynamics 6.10.2 Monte Carlo Methods Electrical Coupling 7.1 Electron Flux Density 7.2 Ion Flux Density 7.3 Bohm Criterion with the "=" Sign 7.4 Space Charge Limited Currents 7.5 Effect of Magnetic Field Geometry 7.6 Modeling of the Electric Sheath 7.6.1 Principles of PIC Simulations 7.6.2 Boundary Conditions 7.6.3 Choice of Time Step and Spatial Resolution Power Coupling 8.1 Heat Flux Densities 8.2 Change of Surface Temperature 8.2.1 Heat Conduction in a Half-Infinite Medium. 8.2.2 Point-like Heat Load 8.2.3 Heat Conduction and Diffusion 8.3 Power Removal 8.4 Thermal Stress Impurity Problems in Fusion Experiments 9.1 Impurity Radiation 9.1.1 Line Radiation 9.1.2 Bremsstrahlung 9.1.3 Cyclotron Radiation 9.1.4 Radiation Phenomena 9.1.5 Benefits of Radiation 9.2 Erosion Phenomena in ~sion Experiments 9.2.1 Plasma Disruption 9.2.2 Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) : 9.2.3 Runaway Electrons 9.2.4 Erosion by Energetic Alpha Particles 9.2.5 Hot Spots or Carbon "Blooming" 9.2.6 Flake and Dust Production 9.2.7 Erosion by Charge-Exchange Neutrals 9.2.8 Erosion by Arcing 9.2.9 Non-Linear Erosion due to Impurities 9.3 Impurity Transport 9.3.1 Spatial Distributions of Neutrals 9.3.2 Atomic Processes in Impure Plasmas 9.3.3 Prompt Redeposition 9.3.4 SOL Screening Efficiency 9.3.5 Accumulation of High-Z Impurities 9.3.6 Transport Barriers 9.3.7 Sawteeth as Plasma Cleaner 9.3.8 Deposition of Impurities 9.3.9 Modeling of Erosion and Redeposition 9.4 Critical Impurity Concentration
Part III Operation Limits and Criteria 10 The Problem of Plasma Density Control 10.1 Long-Term Operation 10.2 Wall Conditioning 11 Plasma Operation Limits 12 Material Operation Limits 12.1 Erosion Flux into the Plasma 12.2 Impurity Density in the Plasma Core 12.3 Impurity Criterion 12.4 Lifetime of Wall Elements 12.4.1 Simple Geometrical Model of Redeposition 12.4.2 Net Erosion at Divertor Plates 12.4.3 Net Erosion at Wall Plates 12.5 Neutron Irradiation 13 Choice of Materials 13.1 Candidates of Materials 13.1.1 Discussion of Plasma-Facing Materials 3.1.2 Construction Materials 13.2 Alternative Concepts and Innovative Ideas 13.3 Open Questions 14 Summary and Outlook
Appendix A A.1 Some Important Relations and Parameters A.2 Simple Particle Mover A.3 Symbols A.4 Abbreviations A.5 Fundamental Physical Constants A.6 Physical Properties of Elements References Index