2021节能与新能源汽车发展报告 2021 Annual Report on Energy-saving and New

Ⅰ Industrial Environment Spe  Topic 1 Global Automotive Energy Strategy and Carbon  Emission Management Process  02 1.1  International Automotive Energy and Carbon Emission  Management  03 1.1.1  EU Automobile Energy-saving and Carbon Emission Management  03 1.1.2  U.S. Regulations on Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse  Gas Emission  10 1.1.3  Japan’s Fuel Consumption Regulations for Light Vehicles  16 1.2  China’s Automotive Energy and Carbon Emission  Management  17 1.2.1  Planning and Development Goals of Auto Industry  17 1.2.2  Status Quo of China’s Vehicle Energy Consumption Management  20 1.2.3  Development Overview of Domestic Auto Market  33 Spe  Topic 2 Estimation of China Vehicles’Fuel Consumption  and Carbon Emission  43 2.1  Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emission Estimation  Model in China  43 2.2  Analysis on the Key Parameters for the Estimation  of Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Carbon  Emissions  46 2.2.1  Vehicle in Use Structure Based on Ages  46 2.2.2  Driving Distances of Vehicles  47 2.2.3  Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Type  47 2.3  Estimation Results of Vehicle Energy and Carbon  Emissions in 2020  48 II  Vehicle Energy Consumption Spe  Topic 3 Development of the Average Fuel Consumption  of Passenger Cars  53 3.1  The Fleet-wide Average Fuel Consumption  54 3.2  Fuel Consumption of Domestic Models in Different  Categories  56 3.2.1  Fuel Consumption Variation by Model Type  56 3.2.2  Fuel Consumption Variation by Different Foreign Sino Makers  59 3.3  Average Fuel Consumption and Compliance Performance  of Enterprises  60 3.3.1  Analysis of Quantity and Production Volume of Qualified  Enterprises  60 3.3.2  Analysis of Enterprises with Excellent Compliance Performance  62 3.3.3  Analysis on Compliance Performance of Top  10 Producers/Importers  64 Spe  Topic ４ Development of Fuel Consumption of Commer  Vehicles  66 4.1  Classification of Commer Vehicles  67 4.2  Fuel Consumption of Light Commer Vehicles   68 4.2.1  Fuel Consumption of Different Vehicle Types  68 4.2.2  Comparison Between Fuel Consumption and Limit Value  73 4.3  Fuel Consumption of Heavy Commer Vehicles  76 4.3.1  Fuel Consumption of Different Vehicle Types  76 4.3.2  Comparison Between Fuel Consumption and Limit Value  81 Spe  Topic ５ Electricity Consumption Development of New  Energy Vehicles  87 5.1  Electricity Consumption of New Energy Passenger Cars  88 5.1.1  The Development Trend of the Average Electricity Consumption  for Domestic New Energy Passenger Cars  88 5.1.2  Electricity Consumption of Different Vehicle Types  89 5.1.3  Electricity Consumption of Top 15 Models in Production  92 5.2  New Energy Commer Vehicles  93 5.2.1  E-range  93 5.2.2  Battery Capacity  96 5.2.3  E-range/Battery Capacity  98 5.2.4  Power Consumption per 100 km per Ton  99 5.2.5  Energy Consumption per Unit Load  101 Ⅲ  Product Attributes Spe  Topic ６ Development Trend of Related Properties  of Passenger Cars on Energy Conservation  104 6.1  Curb Weight  104 6.2  Footprint Area  109 6.3  Average Displacement  112 6.4  Average Power  116 6.5  Average Torque  120 6.6  Power/Curb Weight  125 6.7  Power/Displacement  129 Spe  Topic 7 Development Trend of Related Properties of Commer  Vehicles on Energy Conservation   135 7.1  Fuel Type  135 7.2  Transmission  138 7.3  Product Structure  140 7.3.1  Maximum Design Pay Mass  140 7.3.2  Average Length  141 7.4  Average Displacement  143 7.5  Power/Total Mass  146 Ⅳ  Technology Application Spe  Topic 8 Application of Energy-saving Technologies  for Passenger Cars  150 8.1  Turbocharging and GDI  150 8.2  3-cylinder Turbocharging Engine  152 8.3  Advanced Transmission Technology  154 8.4  Idling Stop-Start Technology  156 8.5  Mild Hybrid  156 8.6  Strong Hybrid  158 Spe  Topic ９ Supporting Technology Trend of Key Parts  of New Energy Vehicles  160 9.1  Power Battery  161 9.1.1  Supporting Conditions of Power Battery Industry  161 9.1.2  Status Quo of Development of Power Battery Technology  168 9.1.3  Development Trend of Power Battery Industry  169 9.2  Drive Motor  173 9.2.1  Overview of Supporting Drive Motor Industry  173 9.2.2  Status Quo of Development of Drive Motor Technologies  175 9.2.3  Development Trend of Drive Motor Industry  178 9.3  Electric Control  182 9.3.1  Supporting Conditions of Electric Control Industry   182 9.3.2  Development Trend of Electric Control Industry  184 Ⅴ  Hot Topics Spe  Topic 10 Comparison of the Competitiveness of Ternary  Battery and Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery  189 10.1  Comparison of Crystal Structures of Cathode Materials  189 10.2  Key Performance Comparison of Cathode Materials  and Power Battery Products of Corresponding  Systems  190 10.2.1  Comparison of Energy Density  191 10.2.2  Power Comparison  194 10.2.3  Service Life Comparison  196 10.2.4  Cost Comparison  197 10.2.5  Safety Comparison  198 Spe  Topic 11 Research on the Safety of Batteries   203 11.1  Electrical-Thermal Coupling Characterization Methods  of Power Batteries  204 11.2  Analysis on the Electric-thermal Coupling Characteristics  Test of Power Batteries  206 11.2.1  Influence of Operating Temperature on the Heat Generation  Characteristics of Batteries  207 11.2.2  The Effect of SOC on the Heat Generation Characteristics  of Batteries  208 11.2.3  Effect of Current Multiplier on the Heat Generation Characteristics  of the Batteries  210 11.2.4  Effect of SOH on the Heat Generation Characteristics of  the Batteries  211 11.2.5  Influence of the Material System on the Heat Generation  Characteristics of the Batteries  212 11.3  Thermal Runaway and Thermal Diffusion Test Evaluation  of Power Batteries  213 11.3.1  Research on the Thermal Runaway Triggering Method and  Characteristic Behavior of Power Batteries  213 11.3.2  Thermal Diffusion Test Evaluation of Power Batteries   215 11.4  Safety Assessment in the Life Cycle of Power Batteries  216 11.4.1  Intrinsic Thermal Stability Assessment in the Life Cycle  of Power Batteries  216 11.4.2  Assessment on the Application Safety in the Life Cycle  of Power Batteries  220 Spe  Topic 12 Key Raw Materials and Progress of Batteries  224 12.1  Overview of Lithium Mineral Resources  224 12.1.1  Overview of Global Lithium Resources  225 12.1.2  Overview of Lithium Resources in China  226 12.1.3  Analysis of the Supply and Demand of Lithium Resources   228 12.2  Overview of Cobalt Mineral Resources  230 12.2.1  Overview of Global Cobalt Resources  231 12.2.2  Overview of Cobalt Resources in China  233 12.2.3  Analysis on the Supply and Demand of Cobalt Resources  234 12.3  Overview of Nickel Ore Resources  235 12.3.1  Overview of Global Nickel Resources  236 12.3.2  Overview of Nickel Resources in China  238 12.3.3  Analysis on the Supply and Demand of Nickel Resources  238 12.4  Sustainable Supply of Nickel Promotes the Development  of Low-carbon and Efficient Industrial  Chain  240 12.4.1  New Regulations of Sustainable Policies for the Downstream  Areas of the Automobile Industry  240 12.4.2  BHP Makes Innovation to Support the Transformation of  China’s Electric Vehicle Market to Sustainable Nickel  Products  242 Ⅵ  Long-term Outlook Spe  Topic 13 Outlook for the 2035 Electrification Route  for Chinese Vehicles in the Context  of “Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality”  246 13.1  The Development Goal of China’s Vehicle Electrification  in 2035 in the Context of “Carbon Peak  and Carbon Neutrality”  246 13.2  Prospects of Vehicle Electrification Promotion Routes  by City Priority Level  248 13.2.1  Evaluation Indexes of City Priority Level for the Electrification  of Vehicles  248 13.2.2  Classification Method of City Priority Level for the Electrification  of Vehicles  250 13.2.3  Classification Result of City Priority Level for the Electrification  of Vehicles  252 13.3  Prospects of Vehicle Electrification Promotion Routes  by Vehicle Type and Application Scenario  253 13.3.1  Electrification Promotion Routes for Passenger Cars   253 13.3.2  Electrification Promotion Routes for Commer Vehicles  254 Appendix  261