Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition of Engineering Surveying 1.2 Contents of Engineering Surveying 1.2.1 Planning Design 1.2.2 Building Construction 1.. Oraio Management 1.3 Historic Overview of Engineering Surveying 1.4 FIG Commission 6: Engineering Surveys References Chapter 2 Applications of Topographic Map in Project Planning Design 2.1 Engineering Project Management Overview 2.1.1 Project 2.1.2 Project Management 2.1.3 Engineering Survey Project 2.2 Applications of Topographic Map in Planning Design 2.2.1 Roles of Topographic Maps 2.2.2 Uncertainty Analysis for Large-scale Topographic Mapping 2.. Engineering Design Requirements for Topographic Maps References Chapter 3 Route Surveying and Earthwork Computations 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Basic Concepts 3.1.2 Unification of Three Stage-wise Control Networks 3.2 Preliminary Surveys 3.2.1 Horizontal Control 3.2.2 Vertical Control 3.. Topographic Mapping 3.3 Staking Out Surveying 3.3.1 Staking Out the Route Centerline Using a Total Station System 3.3.2 Staking Out with RTK GNSS 3.4 Longitudinal and Cross Section Profile Survey 3.4.1 Definitions and Tasks 3.4.2 Longitudinal Profile Surveying and Plotting 3.4.3 Cross Section Surveying and Plotting 3.5 Volumes of Earthwork Computations 3.5.1 Digital Terrain Model 3.5.2 Area Computations 3.5.3 Volumes of Earthwork and Applications References Chapter 4 Hydrographic Surveys 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Specifications and Technique Planning 4.2.1 Technical Specification 4.2.2 Technical Planning 4.. Hydrographic Survey Control 4.3 Bathymetric Surveys 4.3.1 The Principle of Sounding 4.3.2 Sounding Lines 4.3.3 Sounding Tools 4.3.4 Corrections to Soundings 4.4 Positioning Systems 4.4.1 Visual Survey Methods 4.4.2 Electronic Survey Methods 4.4.3 GNSS Methods 4.5 Observation of Water Surface Elevation 4.5.1 Elevation Reference Datum 4.5.2 Observation Tools 4.5.3 Working Water Level Calculations 4.6 Survey Report and Applications 4.6.1 Graphic Report 4.6.2 Written Report 4.6.3 Applications References Chapter 5 lity Analysis and Optimal Design of Engineering Control Networks 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Overview of Parametric Least-squares Adjustment 5.2.1 The Principle 5.2.2 Least-squares Solution 5.3 lity Analysis of Control Networks 5.3.1 Measures of Precision 5.3.2 Reliability an Oter Detection 5.3.3 Sensitivity 5.3.4 Cost 5.4 Optimal Network Design 5.4.1 Generals 5.4.2 Network Design Problems 5.4.3 Approaches to the Optimal Design References Chapter 6 Laying Out Techniques 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Error Analysis in Construction Surveying 6.2.1 Construction Tolerance and Allowance 6.2.2 Error Analysis and Partition 6.. Error Behaviour in Surveying vs. in Laying out 6.3 Laying Out Horizontal Positions 6.3.1 Laying Out Using Polar Coordinates 6.3.2 Laying Out Using Rectangular Coordinates 6.3.3 Laying Out Using Free Station 6.3.4 _ Other Laying Out Methods 6.4 Elevation Laying Out Techniques 6.4.1 Laying Out Using Spirit Leveling 6.4.2 Laying Out Using Trigonometric Leveling 6.5 Laying Out Using GNSS Receivers References Chapter 7 Laying Out Horizontal Curves 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Circular Curves 7.2.1 Basic Elements and Terminology of a Circular Curve 7.2.2 Circular Curve Formulae 7.. Mileage Computation of Key Points 7.2.4 Staking Out Key Points 7.3 Transition Curves 7.3.1 Superelevation 7.3.2 Transition Curve 7.3.3 Geometry of a Coite Curve 7.3.4 Coordinating a Transition Curve 7.3.5 Stationing Data of Key Points on a Coite Curve 7.3.6 Staking Out Key Points of a Coite Curve 7.4 Staking Out Horizontal Curves 7.4.1 Deflection Angle Method 7.4.2 Tangent Offset Method 7.4.3 Staking Out by Coordinates References Chapter 8 Bridge and Dam Surveys 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Reconnaissance Survey 8.1.2 Preliminary Survey and Siting 8.1.3 Construction Design Survey 8.1.4 Survey Control 8.2 Bridge Construction Surveys 8.2.1 Bridge Terminology 8.2.2 Bridge Plans 8.. Bridge Construction Surveys 8.2.4 Control Networks for Bridge Construction 8.2.5 Uncertainty Determination of a Bridge Constru?tion Network 8.3 Dam Construction Surveys 8.3.1 Planning and Reconnaissance 8.3.2 Construction Control Surveys 8.3.3 Uncertainty Requirements of a Dam Construction Network 8.3.4 Construction Laying Out Survey References Chapter 9 Tunnel Surveys 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Tunnel Construction Methods 9.2.1 Drill & Blast (D&B) Method 9.2.2 Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) Method (Soft to Solid Rocks) 9.. Shield Tunneling Method 9.2.4 Cut-and-Cover Method (Shallow Depth or Loose Ground) 9.2.5 Immersed-tube Method 9.3 Tunnel Surveying 9.3.1 Surveying Oraios 9.3.2 Preliminary Survey 9.3.3 Primary Control Survey for Final Design and Construction 9.3.4 Tunnel Guidance Systems 9.3.5 Breakthrough Survey 9.3.6 Wriggle Survey 9.3.7 Deformation Monitoring 9.4 Breakthrough Error Estimation 9.4.1 Error Sources and Tolerances 9.4.2 Estimation of Breakthrough Error References Chapter 10 Shaft Correlation Survey and Gyrotheodolite 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Shaft Plumbing: Methods and Performance 10.2.1 Two-wire Method: Transfer of a Bearing Through a Single Shaft 10.2.2 Single-wire Method: Transfer of a Bearing Through Two Shafts 10.3 Laser and Optical Plummets 10.4 _ Transfer of Elevation 10.4.1 Transfer of Elevation Using Steel Tape 10.4.2 Transfer of Elevation Using EDM 10.5 Gyrotheodolites 10.5.1 Introduction 10.5.2 Principles of Gyroscopic Orientation 10.5.3 Gyrotheodolites 10.5.4 Observation Methods 10.5.5 Gyro Azimuth Observation 10.5.6 Automatic Precision Gyroscopes References Chapter 11 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Structures 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Definitions and Concepts 11.1.2 Needs for Deformation Monitoring 11.1.3 The Characteristics of Deformation 11.1.4 Observation Techniques 11.2 Monitoring Project Design 11.2.1 Specification of Deformation Observation Accuracy and Frequency 11.2.2 Reference Marks and Targets 11.3 Vertical Displacement Observations 11.3.1 Precise Leveling 11.3.2 Trigonometrical Leveling 11.3.3 Hydrostatic Leveling 11.4 Horizontal Displacement Observations 11.4.1 Conventional Geodetic Techniques 11.4.2 Precise Alignment Methods 11.5 Deflection and Inclination Observations 11.5.1 Deflection Observation 11.5.2 Inclination Observation 11.6 Fissure Observation References Chapter 12 Data Processing and Analysis of Deformation Monitoring 12.1 Overview 12.2 Stability Analysis of Surveying Monuments and Benchmarks 12.2.1 Global Congruence Test 12.2.2 Local Test 12.. Working Example 1. Deformation Presentation in Space and Time Domain 1..1 Graphical Representation of Deformation 1..2 Deformation Analysis in Time Domain 12.4 Physical Interpretation of Deformation Observation 12.4.1 Analysis on Causes of Deformation 12.4.2 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis References