正版新书]海底沉积底形及其演化机制与海洋工程庄振业 杨顺良 编

第一篇 近岸带砂质底形第一章 近滨海岸带的水动力和砂质底形 ···················································· 31.1 牵引流的流态 ·························································································· 31.1.1 作用于流体质点上的力 ····································································· 31.1.2 层流和紊流的标志 ··········································································· 41.2 近岸带水动力 ·························································································· 51.2.1 潮汐与潮流 ···················································································· 51.2.2 波浪和波流 ···················································································· 61.2.3 风动力 ·························································································· 71.2.4 河流动力 ······················································································· 81.3 沉积底形的类型和分布 ·············································································· 81.3.1 潮控粉砂淤泥质海岸上的沉积底形 ······················································ 91.3.2 浪控砂砾质海岸上的沉积底形 ···························································101.3.3 河控沉积底形 ················································································11第二章 山东半岛海滩的层理构造 ······························································132.1 海滩波浪动力和地貌分带 ··········································································152.1.1 浅水波带 ······················································································152.1.2 破浪带 ·························································································152.1.3 激浪带 ·························································································162.1.4 冲洗带 ·························································································162.1.5 冲越流带 ······················································································172.2 海滩层理构造 ·························································································172.2.1 层理的基本要素和类型 ····································································182.2.2 海滩层理的类型和特征 ···································································182.2.3 海滩层理的形成机理 ·······································································20目 次2演化机制与海洋工程海底沉积底形及其2.3 海滩层理的地质意义 ················································································232.3.1 辨认古环境和确定古岸线 ·································································232.3.2 确定海滩淤、蚀动态和海岸稳定性预测 ···············································232.4 讨论 ·····································································································252.4.1 反递变纹层的分布 ··········································································252.4.2 海滩层理细层组（含层系）交角 ························································262.5 结论 ·····································································································28第三章 海滩上的底形——以山东半岛为例 ···············································293.1 岸外沙坝沉积系列 ···················································································293.1.1 水下沙坝的塑造 ·············································································293.1.2 水上沙坝的形成 ·············································································303.1.3 沿岸沙坝 ······················································································323.1.4 岸外沙坝的沉积动态和演变 ······························································323.2 沙波底形系列 ·························································································333.2.1 沙波的产生 ···················································································333.2.2 沙波的形态要素和沙粒运动 ······························································333.2.3 沙波的发育 ···················································································353.2.4 海滩上的沙波底形 ··········································································373.2.5 沙波的改造形体 ·············································································423.3 海滩流痕 ·······························································································433.3.1 冲流痕 ·························································································443.3.2 渗流痕 ·························································································443.3.3 菱形痕 ·························································································453.3.4 滩角 ····························································································46参考文献 ·······································································································47第二篇 陆架砂质底形第四章 陆架水动力和底形术语 ·································································534.1 陆架水动力 ····························································································534.1.1 潮汐和潮流 ···················································································533目 次4.1.2 波浪流 ·························································································554.1.3 洋流 ····························································································564.2 陆架底形术语 ·························································································574.2.1 横向底形 ······················································································574.2.2 纵向底形 ······················································································58第五章 陆架沉积底形 ················································································605.1 水下沙席 ·······························································································605.2 水下沙丘 ·······························································································625.2.1 形态特征和类型 ·············································································625.2.2 形成、发育的环境要素 ····································································655.2.3 动态迁移 ······················································································665.2.4 沙丘的消亡、活化和被埋藏 ··················································705.3 陆架潮流沙脊 ·························································································715.3.1 沙脊形态特征 ················································································725.3.2 形成机理 ······················································································735.3.3 沙脊的成因 ···················································································745.3.4 沙脊的成因类型 ·············································································765.3.5 沙脊沉积构造和沉积层序 ·································································795.4 陆架沙丘沙脊在海底管道工程中易发的地质灾害 ············································825.4.1 海底管道工程的地质灾害 ·································································825.4.2 管道掏空及底形负面作用 ·································································82第六章 西欧陆架水下沙脊群 ·····································································866.1 北海沙脊群 ····························································································866.1.1 多佛尔海峡外的沙脊群 ····································································866.1.2 诺福克沙脊群 ················································································906.1.3 苏格兰东深水浅滩沙脊群 ·································································936.1.4 北海东部丹麦西岸外的特大型水下大沙丘 ············································956.2 欧洲凯尔特海陆架沙脊群 ··········································································966.2.1 地质环境 ······················································································966.2.2 沙脊形态特征和分布 ·······································································976.2.3 内部构造和地层 ·············································································986.2.4 沙脊发育和演化 ··········································································· 1004演化机制与海洋工程海底沉积底形及其第七章 西地中海环流与陆架砂质底形 ···················································· 1017.1 加的斯湾陆架陆坡的砂质底形 ·································································· 1027.2 西班牙埃布罗湾C 岛陆架沙丘 ································································· 1047.2.1 北部沙丘区 ················································································· 1057.2.2 中部沙丘区 ················································································· 1067.2.3 南部沙丘区 ················································································· 1067.3 西班牙马列斯姆陆架沙脊 ········································································ 1067.4 法国利翁湾水下沙丘和沙脊 ····································································· 1087.5 西地中海砂质底形机理分析 ····································································· 1107.5.1 砂质底形的塑造和动态 ·································································· 1107.5.2 陆架沙丘形态对比分析 ·································································· 1117.6 结论 ··································································································· 112第八章 南非东岸外洋流控砂质底形 ························································ 1138.1 区域自然 ····························································································· 1138.2 沙丘沙脊形态特征和分布 ········································································ 1148.2.1 中小水下沙丘带 ··········································································· 1158.2.2 中、大型水下沙丘沙脊带 ······························································· 1168.2.3 水下沙脊带 ················································································· 1168.3 动态 ··································································································· 1188.4 底形发育和演化 ···················································································· 1188.5 洋流控沙脊特征分析 ·············································································· 119第九章 美国东岸新泽西州陆架的浪控沙脊沉积 ····································· 1209.1 区域自然 ····························································································· 1219.2 陆架沙脊分布和形态特征 ········································································ 1239.2.1 内陆架沙脊 ················································································· 1239.2.2 中陆架砂质底形 ··········································································· 1249.2.3 外陆架底形 ················································································· 1259.2.4 形态参数综合分析 ········································································ 1269.3 沙脊地层 ····························································································· 1269.3.1 更晚新统陆相平原沉积层 ······························································· 1269.3.2 下部沙脊砂层 ·············································································· 1299.3.3 上部沙脊砂层 ·············································································· 1295目 次9.4 沙脊的形成和动态演化 ··········································································· 1299.4.1 沙脊形成的基本条件 ····································································· 1299.4.2 浪控沙脊特征 ·············································································· 1309.4.3 沙脊演化历史 ·············································································· 1309.5 结论 ··································································································· 132第十章 南海北部及越南东南岸外陆架砂质底形 ····································· 13310.1 南海北部陆架的水下沙丘底形 ································································ 13310.1.1 底形形态特征 ··········································································· 13310.1.2 动态分析 ················································································· 13410.2 琼州海峡两端的砂质底形 ······································································ 13410.2.1 东西浅滩底形形态特征 ······························································· 13510.2.2 底形动态 ················································································· 13610.3 北部湾东侧的水下沙丘和沙脊 ································································ 13610.3.1 沙脊形态特征和分布 ·································································· 13710.3.2 沙脊成因分析 ··········································································· 13910.3.3 水下沙丘的环境分析 ·································································· 13910.4 越南东南岸外巨型水下沙丘 ··································································· 14010.4.1 区域自然 ················································································· 14010.4.2 材料与方法 ·············································································· 14110.4.3 水下沙丘的分布和特征 ······························································· 14210.4.4 沙丘活动性的定性分析 ······························································· 143第十一章 东海陆架砂质底形 ··································································· 14611.1 东海陆架潮流沙脊群 ············································································ 14611.1.1 沙脊的形态特征和分布 ······························································· 14711.1.2 沙脊的沉积构造 ········································································ 14811.1.3 水下沙脊的形成和环境演化 ························································· 14811.2 扬子浅滩的水下沙丘和沙席 ··································································· 15111.2.1 浅滩动力环境 ··········································································· 15111.2.2 水下沙丘的形态和分布 ······························································· 15211.2.3 水下沙丘的动态和迁移 ······························································· 15311.3 台湾地区海峡的砂质底形 ············································································ 15311.3.1 台湾地区浅滩砂质底形 ····································································· 15411.3.2 台中浅滩和彰云沙脊 ·································································· 1586演化机制与海洋工程海底沉积底形及其第十二章 黄海东西两侧的水下沙脊群 ···················································· 16212.1 朝鲜半岛西岸外的沙脊群 ······································································ 16212.1.1 西朝鲜湾的潮流沙脊群 ······························································· 16312.1.2 半岛西南岸外水下沙脊群 ···························································· 16412.1.3 对马埋藏沙脊群 ········································································ 16712.2 弶港辐射沙脊群 ·················································································· 17012.2.1 辐射沙脊的形态、分布和组成 ······················································ 17112.2.2 成因研讨 ················································································· 173参考文献 ····································································································· 176第三篇 陆坡深水沉积物波第十三章 陆坡沉积物波 ··········································································· 19213.1 陆坡沉积物波简介 ··············································································· 19213.2 陆坡深水水动力 ·················································································· 19313.2.1 等深流 ···················································································· 19413.2.2 内波 ······················································································· 19613.2.3 浊流 ······················································································· 19813.3 陆坡深水沉积物波 ··············································································· 19913.3.1 粗粒底流型沉积物波 ·································································· 19913.3.2 内波控底流型沉积物波 ······························································· 20113.3.3 细粒底流控沉积物波 ·································································· 20413.3.4 细粒浊流型沉积物波 ·································································· 20613.4 讨论 ································································································· 21413.4.1 分类 ······················································································· 21413.4.2 细粒深水沉积物波的起源 ···························································· 21513.4.3 细粒沉积物波成因说 ·································································· 216第十四章 大西洋东北缘的粗粒底流型深水底形 ····································· 21914.1 法罗海脊和深海水道 ············································································ 2197目 次14.2 底形的分布和形态特征 ········································································· 22114.2.1 区片1（图14.1，61°N 以北） ······················································· 22114.2.2 区片2 FSC 转向FBC 一带 ·························································· 22114.2.3 区片3 FBC 中段海底 ································································· 22314.2.4 区片4 FBC 第二分流处 ······························································ 22414.2.5 区片5 FBC 西端第三分流口 ························································ 22414.3 底形的塑造和演化分析 ········································································· 22514.3.1 底形的塑造 ·············································································· 22514.3.2 现代底形动态 ··········································································· 22614.4 底形揭示NSDW 水道的规模 ·································································· 22714.5 结语 ································································································· 227第十五章 南大洋两处细粒底流型沉积物波 ············································· 22815.1 大澳大利亚湾的钙质细粒沉积物波 ·························································· 22815.1.1 沉积环境 ················································································· 23015.1.2 沉积物波的分布和形态特征 ························································· 23015.1.3 发展与演化 ·············································································· 23115.1.4 形成机理 ················································································· 23315.2 康拉德隆起西南坡的沉积物波 ································································ 23315.2.1 海洋环境 ················································································· 23315.2.2 波的分布和形态特征 ·································································· 23415.2.3 动态演化 ················································································· 23415.2.4 形成机理 ················································································· 23615.3 结语 ································································································· 236第十六章 西班牙瓦伦西亚湾的底流型内波控细粒沉积物波 ··················· 23816.1 区域环境 ··························································································· 23816.2 沉积物波的形态特征和分布 ··································································· 24016.3 波的形成和发育 ·················································································· 24216.4 波的演化 ··························································································· 243第十七章 美国加利福尼亚州蒙特利湾浊流型沉积物波 ·························· 24817.1 环境简介 ··························································································· 24817.2 沉积物波的形态特征和分布 ··································································· 2508演化机制与海洋工程海底沉积底形及其17.2.1 浊流扇上的沉积物波 ·································································· 25017.2.2 峡谷内的沉积物波 ····································································· 25117.3 成因机理解释 ····················································································· 25217.3.1 沉积物波的形成和发育 ······························································· 25217.3.2 沉积物波的时空演化 ·································································· 25317.4 结论 ································································································· 254第十八章 比斯开湾浊流型沉积物波 ························································ 25618.1 区域简介 ··························································································· 25618.2 兰德斯东南坡开敞型浊流沉积物波 ·························································· 25918.2.1 沉积物波的形态特征和分布 ························································· 25918.2.2 动态演化和演化模式 ·································································· 26118.3 峡谷流道型浊流沉积物波 ······································································ 26218.3.1 卡普雷顿峡谷头部沉积简介 ························································· 26218.3.2 沉积物波的形态特征和分布 ························································· 26218.3.3 现代浊流动态和沉积物波 ···························································· 264参考文献 ····································································································· 268

一如所知，海底呈现不同类型、空间不一的地形地貌，其环境效应关系着海洋工程安全，乃至灾害与重大的经济损失。基于此，鉴于海中游泳和底栖生物，运移的泥沙，在海洋动力作用下，还有泥沙堆积的起伏地形，在沉积学上称后者为“底床形体”（bedform），简称为“底形”。底形尺度大小不等深浅不一，塑造的地形地貌空间尺度，小从厘米级，大到百千米级。近岸带水浅，潮流、波浪和风等动力频繁作用，形成了沙波、沙纹、沙坝和沙洲等底形；陆架海底，水深100 ～ 200 m，浪、潮、流不断输运泥沙，沉积大小沙丘、修长的沙脊和脊间凹槽等较大型底形；大陆坡海堤，水深200 ～ 3 000 m，直至洋底盆地和平原，有等深流、浊流和内波等，一些海底水动力更加活跃，泥沙运移更加强烈，堆积的底形不仅尺度颇大，而且呈现规律性排列。

如是说，底形分布区是海底工程不稳定区，其演变和迁移会造成油、气、水等管道和电缆下的掏空和断裂，勘查工程的失稳和位移。由于有规律的底形是古环境的标志，颇受油气矿产勘探者的关注，多有报道，较大型的砂质底形可以自身形成生、储、盖层圈闭。诚然，近几年深水勘测手段的问世，深水沉积物波，成为当今海洋地质的研究热点和难点。笔者近十余年来着眼于世界各陆架、陆坡底形研究，对其分布形态、动态和发育演化机理有粗浅的认识，也探讨了各家的不同见解，希望将自身粗浅理解和世界各地海底底形分布状况呈现给相关读者，为我国的海洋地质事业贡献菲薄之力。

全书共分三篇十九章。

第一篇，第一、二、三章以笔者数十年对山东半岛近岸带沉积底形的实际调查资料，总结海岸带海陆动力作用下沙波、沙丘、沙坝及其它沉积底形的形态、动态特征、分布规律、形成机理和层理构造，也增加了一些近岸底形在工程稳定性方面的实际案例。

第二篇，第四至第十二章介绍了欧、亚、非和北美陆架（水深<200m）上分布的水下沙丘、沙脊等沉积底形，从流体动力学基础上解释了底形的形成和演化。根据各区域陆架地形的形态特征加以分类，分别计算了某些陆架上水下沙丘的迁移速率，分析了陆架底形的发育—消亡和活化—发展的演化历史。结合陆架管线和勘探工程的稳定性，讨论了陆架砂质底形在减灾防灾中的实际作用。

第三篇，第十三章至第十九章介绍了陆坡深水（水深200～3000m）区等深流、内波和浊流等水动力，及其作用下塑造的各种大型深水沉积物波的形态特征、分布和延伸范围，探讨沉积物波形成发育机理，分析各种成因假说的实际意义和应用价值。列举一部分世界上较为典型的沉积物波区的最XIN研究成果，联系目前以资源开发和军事工程等目的的深水勘测，提供参考。