References 9 Immune Effectors in Amphioxus 9.1 Galectin 9.2 C-type lectin 9.3 Peptidoglycan recognition protein 9.4 Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein 9.5 Chitin-binding protein 9.6 Apextrin-like protein 9.7 Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein 9.8 Other effector genes References 10 Evolution of Inflammation-Related Lipid Metabolism Pathway and Inflammatory Lipid Signaling in Amphioxus 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The classification, structure, and function of fatty acids and eicosanoids 10.3 Origin of vertebrate eicosanoid production References 11 Apoptosis in Amphioxus 11.1 Apoptosis in mammals 11.2 Apoptosis related gone families in amphioxus References 12 Primitive Adaptive Immune System of Amphioxus 12.1 Evidence of the emergence of adaptive immunity in amphioxus 12.2 The primary building blocks for MHC and Rag protein 12.3 Alternative forms of variable immune receptors 12.4 Closing remark References 13 Future Research Directions 13.1 Ubiquitina[ion of immune signaling in amphioxus 13.2 The microRNAs in amphioxus 13.3 Alternative 3' UTRs in the amphioxus immune response References Abbreviation Index Subject Index