纤维增强复合材料结构无损检测和评价 钟舜聪 编 专业科技 文轩网

1 Introduction and Background of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials 1
1.1 Introduction and Synopsis 1
1.2 Basics of CompositesMaterials 4
1.3 Polymeric Matrices and Polymerization Processes 6
1.3.1 Thermosets 7
1.3.2 Thermoplastics 8
1.4 Reinforcements for Polymer Matrix Composites 9
1.5 Types of Fiber-Based Reinforcement Architectures 11
1.5.1 Woven Fabric Architectures 11
1.5.2 Preimpregnated Thermosets 12
1.5.3 Non-crimp Fabric Architectures 12
1.6 Types of Fibers Reinforcements 14
1.6.1 Glass Fibers 14
1.6.2 Carbon Fibers 15
1.6.3 Aramid Fibers 16
1.6.4 Boron Fibers 18
1.6.5 Polyethylene Fibers 19
1.6.6 Ceramic Fibers andWhiskers 19
1.6.7 Natural Fibers 20
1.7 Design of Polymer-Matrix Composites 21
1.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites Manufacturing Procedures 23
1.9 FiberMetal Laminates 28
1.10 Sandwich Structures 29
1.11 Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 30
1.12 Main Types of Deficiency in Polymer-Matrix Composites 32
1.13 Trends Towards Novel Technologies 51
1.14 General Conclusions 53
References 54
2 Introduction to Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 61
2.1 Approaching the Nondestructive Testing World 61
2.2 Classification of Flaws Vis-à-Vis the NDT Techniques 64
2.3 General Hints on Testing Techniques and Procedures 67
2.4 Classification of NDT Techniques 69
2.5 Inspection Requirements for NDT Techniques 72
2.6 Regulations,Standards,and Recommended Practices for NDT 74
2.7 Role of Research and Development in NDT 77
2.8 Application of NDT:Impact of Globalization and Operator’s Perspectives 79
2.9 The Need for Reliability and Accurate Statistic Evaluation 86
2.10 Probability of Detection in DNT 88
2.11 Conclusions 90
References 91
3 Visual Testing for Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials 97
3.1 Introduction 97
3.2 Important Dates and Development 98
3.3 Theory and Principles 101
3.4 Visual Inspection Requirements 107
3.5 Test Equipment and Accessories 108
3.6 Applications to the Inspection of Composite Structures 119
3.7 Evaluation and Reporting of Visual Test Results 122
3.8 Advantages and Limitations of Visual Testing 124
3.9 Standards,Codes,and Specifications 127
3.10 Conclusions 128
References 129
4 Ultrasonic Testing Techniques for Nondestructive Evaluation of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Structures 133
4.1 Introduction 133
4.2 Operation and Variants of Ultrasonic NDT 137
4.3 Types of Ultrasonic Waves 143
4.4 Types of Ultrasonic Transducers 148
4.5 Ultrasound Generation and Coupling with the Composite 149
4.6 Ultrasonic NDT Instruments for Composites 154
4.7 Ultrasonic NDT Methods for Composite Structures 155
4.8 Applications of Ultrasonic Inspection of Composite Laminates 155
4.9 Ultrasonic Inspection of Sandwich Structures 168
4.10 Performance Comparison of Ultrasonic NDT 174
4.11 Current Trends and Prospects of Ultrasonic NDT 175
4.12 Advantages and Limitations of Ultrasonic NDT 181
4.13 Conclusions 183
References 185
5 Infrared Thermography Testing and Evaluation of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials 197
5.1 Introduction and History of IRT 197
5.2 Generalities and Basic Concepts of IRT 199
5.3 Thermal Properties of Materials 211
5.3.1 Thermal Conductivity 211
5.3.2 Thermal Diffusivity 213
5.3.3 Thermal Effusivity 213
5.4 InfraredMeasuring Devices 214
5.5 Emissivity and Reflected Temperature Measurement 216
5.6 Established IR Thermographic NDT Techniques 218
5.7 Scanning IR Thermographic NDT 233
5.8 Applications of IRT-NDT for Composite Structures 238
5.9 Performance Comparison of IRT and Other NDT Techniques 246
5.10 Current Trends and IRT Research Prospects 252
5.11 Advantages and Limitations of Using IRT 257
5.12 Conclusions 259
References 260
6 Terahertz Testing Technique for Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials 273
6.1 Introduction and Background Information 273
6.2 Terahertz Devices and Systems 275
6.3 Imaging Theory and Procedures 283
6.4 Applications of THz Systems to the Inspection of Fibrous Composites 284
6.5 Specific Application of THz Systems for the Evaluation of Composite Structures 290
6.6 Outlook on Possible Future Applications of the THz Systems 303
6.7 Conclusions 304
References 306
7 Application of Acoustic Emission for the Inspection of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials 315
7.1 Generalities 315
7.2 Usage and History of AE 316
7.3 Principle of Operation of an AE System 319
7.4 AE Sensors Calibration and Coupling with Test Structure 322
7.5 Sources of AE in Composite Materials 324
7.6 Analysis Tools for AE Measurement Signals 327
7.7 Applications in the Testing of Composite Structures 335
7.8 Combination with Other NDE Techniques and Prospects 340
7.9 Advantages and Limitations of AE Technique 342
7.10 Current Trends and AE Standards 345
7.11 Conclusions 347
References 348
8 Other NDT Methods for Fiber-Reinforced Composite Structures 355
8.1 Introduction 355
8.2 Vibration Testing 356
8.3 StrainMonitoring 366
8.4 Electrical Testing 372
8.5 Ground-Penetrating Radar,Microwave,and Millimeter Waves 375
8.6 Optical Interferometric Techniques 381
8.7 Radiography and Tomography 387
8.8 Conclusions 393
References 394
9 Conclusions,Current Developments,and Prospects in the NDT of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 407
9.1 Conclusions 407
9.2 Current Developments in the NDT of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 413
9.3 Prospects in the NDT of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 416
References 419