[正版]测试与传感器技术(英文版) 张新荣 清华大学出版社 机械电子工程测试传感器技术

张新荣，教授。长安大学工程机械学院副院长，工程机械国家级虚拟仿真实验教学中心副主任，全国高校机械工程测试技术研究会常务理事，自动测试技术分会副理事长、常务理事，面向本科、研究生主讲测试与传感器技术（双语）、自动控制理论、现代控制理论、智能控制原理及应用、现代机械振动等课程。共发表学术论文60余篇，主编和参编专著及教材3部，以副主编身份编写《传感器与测试技术》教材1部，现在已是第2版。

测试与传感器技术英文版教材主要面向对象为机械工程学科相关类专业本科生、研究生和国际学生，也可给从事测试技术、传感器设计、信号分析、机电控制等教学研究的科研工作者提供参考。本教材特别适合应用于双语教学和全英文教学。

Part ⅠFundamentals of Measurement Systems

Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Measurement Technologies

1.1Introduction

1.1.1Measurement, metrology, and testing

1.1.2Classification of measurements

1．1．3Structure of measurement system

1．2Measurement uncertainty

1．2．1The concept of uncertainty

1．2．2Measurement uncertainty sources

1．3Measurement errors

1．3．1Errors

1．3．2Systematic errors

1．3．3Random errors

1．4Statistical analysis of measurements

1．4．1Mean and median

1．4．2Standard deviation and variance

1．4．3Standard error of the mean

1．4．4Rogue data points

1．4．5Aggregation of measurement system errors

1．5Mathematical regression techniques

1．5．1Linear least squares regression

1．5．2Polynomial least squares regression

1．6Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 2Signal Analysis

2．1Classification of signals

2．1．1Deterministic signals

2．1．2Random signals 

2．1．3Continuoustime signals and discretetime signals

2．1．4Typical signals

2．2Fourier series of periodic signals

2．2．1Fourier trigonometric series

2．2．2Exponential Fourier series

2．2．3Frequency spectra of periodic signals

2．3Fourier transforms

2．3．1Fourier transforms of aperiodic signals

2．3．2Fourier transforms of periodic signals

2．3．3Properties of Fourier transforms

2．4Random signals description

2．4．1Characteristic parameters for random process 

2．4．2Correlation analysis 

2．4．3Power density spectrum

2．5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 3Signal Conditioning 

3．1Introduction of signal conditioning

3．1．1Filtering 

3．1．2Amplifying 

3．1．3Isolation 

3．1．4Modulation 

3．2Filtering

3．2．1Simple lowpass filters

3．2．2Simple highpass filters

3．2．3Simple bandpass filters

3．2．4Simple bandelimination or bandreject or notch filters

3.2.5Design of passive filter

3．3Modulation

3．3．1Amplitude modulation

3．3．2Angle modulation

3．3．3Matlab Codes 

3.4Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 4Basic Characteristics of Measurement Systems

4．1Measurement systems and linear systems

4．1．1Basic requirements of measurement systems

4．1．2Linear systems and main characteristics

4．1．3Transmission characteristics of measurement systems

4．2Static characteristics of a measurement system

4．2．1Sensitivity

4．2．2Linearity

4．2．3Hysteresis 

4．2．4Repeatability

4．2．5Accuracy

4．2．6Drift and stability

4．2．7Resolution

4．2．8Calibration 

4．3Dynamic characteristics of a measurement system

4．3．1Mathematical description of dynamic characteristics

4．3．2Firstorder measurement system 

4．3．3Secondorder measurement system

4．3．4Calibration of dynamic characteristics of systems

4．4Conditions of distortionless measurement 

4．5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 5Outline of Sensor Technologies

5．1Basic concepts of sensors

5．1．1Definition and composition of sensors

5．1．2Function of sensors

5．1．3Classification of sensors

5．1．4Basic characteristics of sensors

5．2Sensor calibration

5．2．1Fundamental concepts

5．2．2Basic methods

5．2．3Calibration system

5．3Principles of instrument selection

5．3．1Characteristics of sensors

5．3．2The environment of measurement

5．3．3Cost and maintenance

5．4Applications and development trends of sensor

5．4．1Main applications

5．4．2Development trends

5．5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Part ⅡTraditional Sensors and Applications

Chapter 6Resistance Strain Sensors

6．1Overview of resistive sensors

6．2Working principle of resistance strain sensor

6．2．1Resistance strain effect

6．2．2Piezoresistive effect

6．3Resistance strain gauges

6．3．1Structure and materials of resistance strain gauges

6．3．2Main characteristics of resistance strain gauges

6．4Key problems of resistance strain gauge engineering application

6．4．1Pasting process of strain gauges

6．4．2Measurement circuits

6．4．3Temperature error and compensation

6.5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 7Inductive Sensors

7．1Introduction

7．2Selfinductance inductive sensors

7．2．1The singlecoil linear variablereluctance sensors

7．2．2The variabledifferential reluctance sensor

7．2．3Variablereluctance tachogenerators

7．3Mutual inductance sensors： LVDT

7．4Eddy currents

7．5Advantages/disadvantages of inductive sensors

7．6Applications of the inductive sensors

7．6．1Inductive proximity switch

7．6．2LVDT pressure sensor

7．6．3Flaw detection sensors

7．7Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 8Capacitive Sensors

8．1Basic principle of the capacitive sensors 

8．2Measuring displacement and velocity by changing overlapped 

area and gap distance of capacitive sensors

8．2．1Using the change of the overlapped area between the 

two plates

8．2．2Using the change in distance between the plates

8．2．3Capacitance bridge circuit

8．2．4Coaxial cylindrical capacitive sensor

8．3Variable permittivity capacitive sensors

8．4Measuring circuits of capacitive sensors

8．4．1Equivalent circuit of capacitive sensors

8．4．2Frequency modulation circuits

8．5Characteristics and application of capacitive sensors

8．5．1Characteristics of capacitive sensors

8．5．2Engineering application cases of capacitive sensors

8.6Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 9Piezoelectric Sensors

9．1Piezoelectric effect

9．1．1Piezoelectric effect

9．1．2Piezoelectric materials

9．2Measure circuit

9．2．1Theory and model

9．2．2Signal conditioning circuit

9．3Piezoelectric sensors

9．3．1Accelerometers

9．3．2Force sensors

9．3．3Pressure sensors

9．4Application

9．4．1Principle of damping factor measurement

9．4．2Measurement system

9.5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 10Magnetoelectric Sensors

10．1Magnetoelectric induction sensors

10．1．1Moving coil magnetoelectric sensors

10．1．2Magnetoresistance magnetoelectric sensors

10．1．3Application of magnetoelectric induction sensors

10．2Hall sensors

10．2．1Hall effect and Hall element

10．2．2Measurement error and compensation

10．2．3Hall integrated sensors

10．2．4Application of Hall sensors

10．3Engineering application case1—Nondestructive testing of 

wire rope damage

10．4Engineering application case 2—Halleffect digital position 

sensors

10．5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 11Photoelectric Sensors

11．1Fundamentals of photoelectric devices

11．1．1Spectroscopy and measurement of light

11．1．2Photoelectric effects

11．1．3Basic characteristics of photoelectric sensors

11．1．4Light sources

11．2Photoelectric devices

11．2．1Photocells and photomultipliers

11．2．2Photoresistors

11．2．3Photocells

11．2．4Photodiodes and phototransistors

11．2．5Application of optoelectronic devices

11．3Solidstate image sensors

11．3．1CCD image sensors

11．3．2CMOS image sensors

11．3．3Application of solidstate image sensors

11.4Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 12Thermoelectric Sensors

12．1Temperature and the types of temperature sensing

12．2Temperature scale

12．2．1Celsius temperature scale

12．2．2Fahrenheit temperature scale

12．2．3Thermodynamic temperature scale

12．2．4International practical temperature scale

12．3Resistance thermometer sensors

12．3．1Metallic thermal resistance

12．3．2Structure and measuring circuit of metallic thermal 

resistance

12．3．3Semiconductor thermistors

12．4Thermocouples

12．4．1Measuring principle of thermocouple

12．4．2Type, structure, and measuring circuit of 

thermocouple

12．4．3Cold junction compensation

12．4．4Calibration of the thermocouple

12．5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 13Radiation Sensors

13．1Definition

13．2Radiation sensor type

13．3Microwave sensors

13．3．1Working principle of the microwave sensor

13．3．2Composition of the microwave sensor

13．3．3Classification of the microwave sensors

13．3．4Application of the microwave sensor

13．4Infrared radiation sensors

13．4．1The working principle of the infrared radiation sensor

13．4．2Performance parameters of the infrared radiation 

sensor

13．4．3Basic laws of  infrared radiation

13．4．4Typical infrared radiation sensors

13．4．5Application of infrared radiation sensor

13．5Nuclear radiation sensors

13．5．1Nuclear radiation and its characteristic parameters

13．5．2Working principle of  nuclear radiation sensors

13．5．3Typical nuclear radiation sensors

13．5．4Protection from the radioactive radiation

13．5．5Application of the nuclear radiation sensor

13．6Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 14Digital Sensors

14．1Inductosyn

14．1．1Type and structure of the inductosyn

14．1．2Working principle of the inductosyn

14．1．3Signal processing method

14．2Photoelectric encoders

14．2．1Photoelectric absolute encoder

14．2．2Photoelectric incremental encoder

14．3Grating sensor

14．3．1Types of gratings

14．3．2Structure and measurement principle of grating

14．3．3Principles of digital conversion

14．4Capacitive grating sensor

14．4．1Structure of the capacitive grating sensor

14．4．2Working principle of capacitive grating sensor

14．4．3Principles of digital measurement

14．5Magnetic grating sensor

14．5．1Structure and working principle of magnetic grating

14．5．2Digital measurement principle

14．6Summary

Exercises and Problems

Part ⅢNew Sensing Technologies and Applications

Chapter 15MEMS Sensors

15．1MEMS and MEMS sensors

15．1．1MEMS

15．1．2MEMS sensors

15．2MEMS pressure sensor

15．2．1Piezoresistive pressure sensor

15．2．2Capacitive pressure sensor

15．2．3Resonant pressure sensor

15．3MEMS accelerometer

15．3．1Piezoresistive accelerometer

15．3．2Capacitive accelerometer

15.4Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 16Smart Sensors

16．1Introduction   

16．2What is smart sensor

16．2．1Smart sensor definition

16．2．2Types and structure of smart sensors

16．3The features of smart sensors

16．4The function of smart sensors

16．5Implementation of smart sensors

16．6Development trend of smart sensor technology

16．7Smart sensor applications

16．7．1Singlechip Solution for electronics unit of the smart 

pressure sensor

16．7．2Smart home for the eldercare using wireless sensor

16．8Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 17Optical Fiber Sensors

17．1Introduction

17．2Development history

17．3Research status

17．4Measurement principles

17．4．1Basic principles

17．4．2Principle of the transmittingtype optical fiber 

sensors

17．4．3Principle of the sensingtype optical fiber sensors

17．5Typical applications

17．5．1Application of the reflective optical fiber displacement 

sensor in the measurement of lubricating oil film 

thickness

17．5．2Application of FBG in the measurement of ring 

gear tooth root strain

17.6Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 18Typical Bioelectric Signal Detection Technology

18．1Introduction

18．1．1Development history of typical bioelectric signal 

detection technology

18．1．2Research status of typical bioelectric signal 

detection technology

18．2Basic principles of typical bioelectric signal detection 

18．2．1The basic principles of EEG detection

18．2．2The basic principles of EMG detection

18．3EEG detection and application system

18．3．1EEG detection

18．3．2EEG application system

18．4EMG detection and application system

18．4．1EMG detection system

18．4．2EMG application system

18．5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 19Modern Automatic Measuring 

19．1Modern automatic test system

19．1．1Composition and classification of ATS

19．1．2Characteristics of ATS

19．2Virtual instrument

19．2．1Overview of virtual instrument

19．2．2Virtual instrument development platform

19．2．3Application of LabVIEW

19．3Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

19．3．1The development of WSNs

19．3．2The basic composition and characteristics of WSN

19．3．3Application of WSN

19．4Internet of Things technology

19．4．1Overview of Internet of Things technology

19．4．2Key Technologies of IoT

19．4．3Application of IoT

19.5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Appendix AUnits and Conversions

References